Политический лидер-Хосни Мубарак
HOSNY MUBARAK
(birth 05.04.1928)
For years of board Mubarak has recommended itself, if
not as the big statesman, that, at least, as the sincere and reliable Arabian
head. Can solve numerous problems of the country, he, nevertheless, uses the
best efforts to prevent degradation.
HOSNY MUBARAK- " MISTER HONESTY "
Ten centimeters! Such distance separated
vice-president Hosni Mubaraka from death October, 6-th, 1981 when during
military parade was killed (more precisely to tell - Egyptian president Anvar
Sadat is executed).
He till now hears singing the bullets flying around of
him. Remembers that instant when one of aggressors has shouted to him: "
Stand aside! You are necessary for us not, the Pharaon is necessary for us!
" Sees Sadat, laying in a pool of blood...
In the evening of the same day, shocked, but safe, Mubarak officially
has informed compatriots on death of the head of the state. In one week he
became the president of Egypt. In that year to him it was executed 53 years and
he, apparently, was rather pleased with the role of vice-president. But...
April, 15, 1975 Sadat has appointed the 47-years
commander of Air Forces Hosny Mubarak vice-president.
-
I have chosen him for loyalty and reliability, - he has explained the step some
weeks after.
Hardly later, speaking about
Mubarak, the Egyptian president will note his such qualities, as persistence,
fidelity and competence.
Wife of Sadat - Djihan which by then had already
sufficient influence on the husband, has agreed with this choice. She, on an
own recognition, found Mubarak" deprived any ambitions to remain devoted
to his spouse ".
Itself Mubarak, as he said, was surprised and puzzled, when Sadat as
caused him and has offered a post of vice-president. Him career political or
the statesman as he secretly dreamed become the chief of the Joint Staff of the
Egyptian army never interested.
It is necessary to tell, that so unexpected choice has
thrown into confusion also his nearest environment. However, soon the reasons
of this step of steel are clear: the president wanted to get support of
militarians. It was found out also, that a choice of the Egyptian leader has
affected, as spoke in retinue Sadat, "unity of sights on rapproachement of
Cairo with Washington "and an allergy" to Soviet Union which suffered
both that, and another.
Anyway, Mohammed Hosny Seid Mubarak (his full name is
those) became the second person in Egypt, right hand of Sadat, his shadow.
Before it he has made an outstanding career of the professional militarian.
The Future president was born May, 4-th, 1928 in Egyptian country - in
small village Kafr an ale - Musyl'ha (province Manufia), in delta of Nile. His
father owned a small site of the ground and simultaneously worked in legal
management of a province.
Hosny
it was brought up not in luxury. His friends and schoolmates were children of
fellah. Probably, it the openness and simplicity of the president speak.
He studied persistently, and after leaving school
parents advised him to continue education at Cairo university at faculty of
fine arts. However he has decided on other...
War of 1948 with Israel has shown: the Arabian armies
are disabled. In the Egyptian officer case inflow of youth began from average
layers, including from a countryside. Hosny Mubarak has selected a trade of the
pilot. Having finished with distinction in 1949 military college, he served on
Sinai, then was the instructor of air academy. Repeatedly left in 50th years in
the USSR where it was trained in flights on modern types of planes which Soviet
Union delivered Egypt.
In 1956 Mubarak took part in reflection English,
French and Israel aggressions.
Abilities of the young pilot were noticed, and in 1959
he was appointed the commander of a squadron of bombers TU - 16. In some years
he became the commander of a brigade. The maximum military education has
received in the USSR, in Academy of a name of Frunze in which studied in
1964-1965 years.
When in 1962 civil war began from Northern Yemen,
Mubarak appeared in structure of the Egyptian contingent directed to this
country. He took part in operations and has recommended himself the brave and
skilful military pilot.
By the way to tell, officers envying him, using this
fact, began to spread rumours, that Mubarak, being in Moscow, has turned in
"procommunist". A reality, however, another. He not bad speaks
Russian, gives due to planes of the Soviet manufacture, but he in any way
cannot be counted "procommunist". Faster on the contrary...
The most difficult test for Egypt became 1967. Israel
has put heavy defeat of the Egyptian army. Practically the aircraft completely
was destroyed.
At once after war Mubarak was appointed the chief of
military college in Bilbeis. Of him have set the task: taking into account the
danger which has hung above the country to increase release of pilots, having
reduced term of their preparation with 4 till 2 years. It was necessary to
break all system of training. Mubarak days did not leave college, personally
watched observance of the daily routine and study of cadets.
He Noticed by president Gamalem Abdel' Naserom,
becomes the general of aircraft in 1969 and is appointed the chief of a staff
of the Egyptian Air Forces. In 1972 he already - the commander military - air
forces and simultaneously the deputy minister of defense.
These posts have allowed him to reorganize the
Egyptian aircraft which was not answering at that time modern requirements and
to prepare it for war with Israel, begun October, 6, 1973. It is necessary to recognize,
that then the Air Forces of Egypt have achieved impressing results.
Mubarak becomes the national hero, receives from hands Sadat "
Star of Sinai" - the highest Egyptian military award - and погоны the general of army. Military "ascention" he is a native of
simple family - is obliged to epoch of Nasere. To political rise of him has
pushed Sadat, having appointed vice-president and, thus, having opened him a
way to the supreme authority.
Since then this broad-shouldered, a dense
constitution the general began to seize art of political "pilotage".
Sadat has given him for this purpose the ample opportunities, having made him
some kind of " departure ambassador ". He has assigned on Mubarak
performance delicate, sometimes difficult assignments.
Aspiration of Sadat to play the leading part on
international scene, his often trips abroad gave Mubarak an opportunity to
strengthen the positions inside the country. He began that has reorganized
political police and confidential services which have penetrated into all chink
the Egyptian society. He, certainly, did not manage to cure all illnesses of
these departments, but as a result of the carried out cleaning he could get rid
of the elements which have compromised.
Becomingin 1978 vice-president national - democratic, created by Sadat
in exchange him of the spoiled Arabian socialist union, Mubarak has got
influential friends, that has strengthened his position even more.
During
six with superfluous years vice-president honesty put into practice a policy of
the cartridge. In the top echelons of power about him responded yours
faithfully, marked his intelligence, natural sharpness, hardness and frankness,
serviceability.
Simple Egyptians appreciated vice-president
incorruptibility. He has managed to remain away from corruption with which his
relatives, many high-ranking officials, which were infected Sadat, not
hesitating, plundered the country. It is no surprising, that Egyptians till now
name Mubarak " mister honesty ".
Probably, he and would remain diligent vice-president,
but the bullets which have struck Sadat, have advanced Mubarak further away -
he became the president of Egypt.
INDEPENDENT FLIGHT
Mubarak has inherited from Sadat almost monarchic mode
isolated in the Arabian world and wallowing in external duties. However in
people and in the environment of secular opposition which many representatives
appeared at Sadat behind a lattice, coming to power new president have met with
the big hopes for changes.
"The New leader have supported therefore, -
known Egyptian journalist Hejkal, wrote in one of articles - that he was the
most suitable person, capable to disseminate the fear reigned in Egypt and to
heal the mental traumas put to the country. The person who would not began to
make grandiose plans was necessary for Egyptians, but also would not finish the
country before accident ".
Quiet, modest, but resolute - Mubarak has provided transition of
authority practically without a uniform false step. As has shown time, the former
military pilot who has gone in the first independent flight as the head of the
state, not only has not given in before getting from Sadat troubles, but with
honour has left many followed tests, having strengthened the authority.
Acknowledgement to that - participation of president Mubaraka in meeting of
chapters of the Arabian states and the governments, taking place in Casablanca
in May, 1989, and then his election on a post of the chairman of the
Organization of African Unity (OAU).
But it will be later... While Mubarak, having
borrowed a presidential armchair, has set free on all political prisoners and
has shaken hands with them. Members of the organization finishing with Sadat,
were prosecuted, and then executed or imprisoned. To tell the truth, many
secret extremist Islamic groupings soon were revealed, one of which -
"Al-Aksa" in May, 1982 has sentenced the president to a death
penalty.
However, due to the vigorous activity of confidential services,
Mubarak has managed to separate the "moderate" elements of Islamic
opposition rejecting violence as a method of internal political struggle, from
" incorrigible extremists ". In result, for first twelve months of
board he has released 4.000 Islamic active workers.
Running forward, I shall tell, that Mubarak, knowing about the danger
proceeding from Islamic extremists, avoids drastic measures in religious
sphere. He understands, that the problem of radical Islamic fundamentalism
still remains on the agenda. Though extremists also are tired out in a
underground, they at any time can appear, how it already happened in October,
1981, when was killed (or is executed) Sadat.
As to secular opposition, that, having come to
authority, the president at once has declared readiness to start dialogue with
its leaders. He has resolved activity of opposition parties, and even their
representation in parliament. Besides he has agreed with renewal of the edition
of newspapers of opposition.
Aspiring to strengthen the position, and at the
same time being compelled to be considered with supporters Sadata, kept key
posts in the political and economic life, the new president started to carry
out gradual "desadatation". Under his direct instruction were
prosecuted the brother of the deceased -president Ismat Sadat and his sons
supervising roguish operations. Process above them has allowed Mubarak to show
the determination to liquidate corruption in the Egyptian society.
The majority of those who watched activity Mubarak at
the initial stage, unanimously marked, that he has declared himself as the
figure of " new type ". When him have asked: " You are going to
follow What political line - of Nasere or of Sadat? ", he has answered
with a smile: " Own, certainly ".
On the spot has specified, that his policy will be
based on four principles: democratic pluralism, an openness, honesty and the
decision of economic problems.
No, president Mubarak did not call in question (anyway, public) the
basic directions of a political rate of the predecessor. But tried to expand
freedom of actions in the inherited frameworks, refusing simultaneously from
sensational gestures in style of Sadat. Moreover, he did not try to disguise
verbal demagogy problems facing to Egypt as it was done by the former leader.
In opposite to Sadat Mubarak did not undertake ostentatious attempts to solve
internal problems by reviewing the study. But in the first speeches he
constantly called for growth of labour productivity, amplification of feeling
of the responsibility, to social justice.
As against Sadat new the head of the state abstained from promises, but
invariable tried to give a new pulse to economic policy. He slowly but to
develop began truly in Egypt democracy, trusting what exactly it will provide
in long-term prospect political stability to a mode. It is more than that, he
has frankly declared people, that the government can solve all problems facing
to it.
- New Egypt will be constructed only by work of
Egyptians, - the president likes to repeat.
Nevertheless, Mubarak in the intention to improve
economy still recognizes that "infitah" - the policy of open doors
begun by Sadat, basically was correct, but it was put into practice
unsuccessfully and was discredited corruption, reigned in Egypt. Having received
thanking Camp-Daving to agreements "special" attitudes from USA,
president Mubarak tried to squeeze out from them a maximum possible. Both in
political, and in the economic plan, skilfully playing on aspiration of
Americans to be fixed on Near East.
Using such trump card as threat of freezing, and
even a severance of diplomatic relations with Israel, Mubarak has received to
some extent to influence a middle East policy of USA. Certainly, a degree of
this influence to overestimate does not cost, but it, undoubtedly, is.
President Mubarak, certainly, appreciates
communications of Egypt and USA as receives from them two, and even it is more,
billions dollars annually as gratuitous gifts, loans and military credits.
These injections of steel for him that "lifebuoy ring" which keeps on
shallow the Egyptian economy.
But also here there are strict limits on cooperation,
is especial at a political level. So, for example, on the offer of USA to help
with construction of military base on Red sea for the forces of fast expansion
the Egyptian president has answered with resolute refusal.He has declared, that
Egypt will construct its itself and will keep there the control. Americans can
use it when Cairo will consider military intervention of Washington necessary.
Never refusing "special" attitudes from USA,
Mubarak at the same time has made appreciable efforts for restoration of normal
diplomatic relations with Soviet Union which were completely normalized in
1984. Practically all obstacles, long time braking development of attitudes
between our countries today are eliminated.
It is not necessary to think, however, that "
independent flight " passed president Mubaraka smoothly. The Israeli
intrusion into Lebanon in June, 1982 has caused internal pressure on Mubarak
with the purpose to change character of the egipetsko-Israeli attitudes. One
more test for him steel of excitement of 17 thousand employees of forces of the
internal safety, having a place in February, 1986. The army has quickly
suppressed these excitements, and the president, due to resolute actions, has
strengthened the positions even more.
AEROBATICS
In October, 1987 the National assembly of Egypt unanimously has
selected Hosny Mubarak the president on the second six-year term. In November
of the same year the League of Arabian countries (LAC) has made the decision
that its members can restore if will wish, full diplomatic relations with
Egypt. Nine countries, including Saudi Arabia, almost immediately have directed
the ambassadors to Cairo.
In December of the same year in Cairo the flag above
representation of Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was lifted. Thus
Mubarak has shown, that Egypt again is ready to play a role of the
"traffic controller" assisting negotiations PLO and USA, Jordan and
Israel about convocation of peace conference on Near East.
One of the key factors which have defined finally
success of a strategic rate of diplomacy Mubarak on full returning of Egypt in
the Arabian numbers, precisely thought over, consecutive behaviour of Cairo in
its contacts to Tel Aviv was. From the moment of coming to power by the new
president very successful form of the attitude of Egypt to Israel was produced:
" Prospects of development of bilaterial communications are defined by the
general situation on Near East, process of middle East settlement ".
Such
formulation (and Mubarak followed it strictly) enabled to hold Israel on
respectful distance. On the other hand, the similar position obviously directed
on protection common Arabian of interests, could not remain unnoticed in the
Arabian capitals.
Has not remained unnoticed and such fact: president
Mubarak - the unique Egyptian head of a high rank whom has refused to visit
Israel, despite of numerous official invitations. To tell the truth, when him
already "have absolutely got", and he could not resist to pressing,
he had to go at some o'clock per the small Israeli settlement located in desert
Negev. " I have made it against my heart... " - he has admitted later.
Besides the Egyptian president willingly offered the
services for settlement of many bilateral conflicts, for example, irano-Iraq.
All this has helped creation of completely new representation about Egypt,
radical image distinguished from Sadat's representation. In many respects this
was promoted also by the person of Mubarak.
Sadat loved formal receptions, magnificent suppers,
ceremonial. Mubarak does not love high life, hates everything, that, in his
opinion, is an excess. Sadat adored to appear on public in motley military
uniforms at numerous awards. Mubarak does not put on the form since the civil
post has held.
Sadat was completely corrupt, Mubarak - the
incorruptible patriot. Sadat spent time in magnificent palaces. Mubarak lives
in the small 2-storeyed country house constructed by him(it) on own means
still(even) in 1971.
Sadat the born actor, the fan of light of a stage and
long tiresome speeches. Mubarak has no eloquence, but he also is deprived
propensities of the predecessor to eccentric to theatrical gestures, frankly
dislikes chatterers.
Intellectuals laugh at him, tell about him every
possible histories. But not malicious, as about Sadat.
Mubarak it is sincerely devoted to business of
democracy, Sadat only dexterously juggled with this term. The new president in
practice has proved, that his performances in protection of a personal freedom
- not mere words. At him political life in the country began more democratic,
than at Sadat.
In Egypt many consider, that Mubarak, becoming the
witness of attempt at the predecessor, has learnt from this the important
lesson: it is better to move forward gradually and to risk only insignificant
failures, than to try to supervise over the country in the dictatorial style of
Sadat fraught with shocks. Probably, for this reason care, the pragmatism,
moderation and a sequence became distinctive features of a political rate at
the new president.
Naming Mubarak "embodiment of care", already
mentioned Heikal emphasizes, that it "care of the skilled pilot to which before
he will lift the plane in top, the exact data on weather, loading and other
data " are necessary.
In opinion of one western diplomat, Mubarak, in
essence, has remained " the rectilinear commander who gives orders and
expects obedience ". But he not the dictator. He first of all the
militarian who annoys if his orders are not carried out.
Egyptians in the greater degree, than inhabitants of
other countries, appreciate a shade of some greatness in the heads. Therefore
many criticize Mubarak for his modest suits, the not refined speech and
excessive shyness. They consider, that he has not enough scope of the present
statesman.
Anyway, but due to persistence and thin feeling of a
step president Mubarak has managed to rally Egypt and to return to it former
authority. Arabs could not understand unpredictable of Sadat and did not trust
him. Mubarak with his consecutive and realistic foreign line to them it be
clear and causes trust. With him want to deal.
Having disseminated the extremely adverse impression made on Arabian
world by Sadat, president Mubarak has managed to turn to itself arabs.
Year of 1989 became rotary both for Egypt, and for Mubarak. The
president started to play more and more appreciable role on middle East,
African and even world stages.
The
National hero Egyptians come back of Casablanca Mubarak where there passed the
interArabian meeting have met. At this summit the president of Egypt already in
the first speech with resoluteness inherent in him has let know, that Cairo is
going to provide to itself indisputable leadership in the Arabian world.
Alongside with increase of the prestige abroad, the
Egyptian president has strengthened the authority and inside the country.
The Ministry of Educatuon of the Russian Federation
The State University of Humanitarian Sciences
The Department of Foreign Languages
HOSNY MUBARAK – THE PRESIDENT OF EGYPT
The student of the first year
the Department of political studies
Nikolaeva Ekaterina Alekseevna
Moscow, 2002
CONTENTS:
Introduction.
1. Hosny Mubarak – “Misner Honesty”.
2. Independent fligyt.
3. Aerobatics.
Conclusion.
Literature.
INTRODUCTION
In an extreme antiquity the
territory of Egypt became a cradle of one of the first in a history of mankind
of civilizations. It many times was exposed to invasions of foreign conquerors.
In 1882 Egypt was occupied by England, in 1914 is posted by the English
protectorate. Formal declaration Egypt as independent kingdom has taken place in
1922. Having imposed to Egypt in 1936 the unequal contract, England continued
to occupy a zone of Suez canal. June, 18, 1953 Egypt is proclaimed by republic.
After
revolution of 1953 at life of the oustanding figure of the Arabian
national-liberation movement of president Nasera in Egypt progressive social
and economic transformations were carried out. The antiimperialistic foreign
policy, a rate on friendship and widespread cooperation from the USSR and was
consistently carried out by other socialist countries.
From
the beginning 1970 years внетренняя and the foreign policy of Egypt began to
undergo essential changes. Its management led by Садатом began to pursue a
policy of " liberalization of economy " and " open doors ",
характеризовавшуюся wide encouragement of the private capital and foreign
investments. Over a policy of the Egyptian management has prevailed
proimperialistic a rate. In result the country experiences sharp sociopolitical
and an economic crisis.
In
Egypt counteraction to an antinational reactionary rate of a mode amplified on
the part of various political forces. Trying to suppress this counteraction,
authorities resorted to more and more wide reprisals. It has resulted in an
aggravation of conditions in the country. October, 6, 1981 during military
parade in Cairo the group of the military men belonging to the Muslim religious
organization, accomplishes attempt on Sadat and he was killed.
The
New Egyptian management continues to carry out in basically a foreign policy
leaning on close cooperation with USA. Inside the country it has cancelled some
repressive measures. The significant number of political prisoners is released.
The
constitution Working in Egypt is accepted September, 11, 1971. The supreme body
of legislature - National assembly.
CONCLUSION
Many recollect, that in the first years of board
Mubarak has taken advantage in the interests of a condition of the general
simplification which has come after destruction of Sadat, and the termination
of the dramatized performances of the former president. Prudence new heads of
the state was perceived faster as the certificate of wisdom, instead of as an
attribute of shyness. He typed glasses, making special accent on modesty and
focusing mass media on reduction of attention to his person and members of
family. Among some other innovations he has sworn himself to limit the speeches
till one hour.
Today, as well as within service in the Air Forces, president Mubarak
wakes up in five mornings and prepares for breakfast for family. From six up to
eight studies reports and messages then leaves for the office.
Till 15-00 - meetings with foreign delegations,
meetings with members of the government and experts. Then two school hours
sports in club of the Air Forces - gymnastics and "squash" (game
reminding tennis). The tightened figure the president can give odds to young
people.
In the Evening - continuation of a working day.
For years of board Mubarak has recommended itself, if not as the big
statesman, that, at least, as the sincere and reliable Arabian head. Can solve
numerous problems of the country, he, nevertheless, uses the best efforts to
prevent decline.
The
tasks worth today before the president, hard for Egypt is located in region
where the extremism represents the usual phenomenon, and the moderate approach
- exception.
Hosny
Mubarak can make still very much. The only thing, that he should not make is to
wait...
LITERATURE
1) The directory of “The
Country of the world”, 1986.
2)
The big encyclopaedic
dictionary, 1991.
3)
The concise Oxford
dictionary of politics, 2001.
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