Classic philosophy of quality
Classic
philosophy of quality
1.
What is quality?
“That
correctly and it is good to live, it is needed to be able and want to live it
is correct well».
“If
even everybody will do everything, that in his forces is however is an answer,
adequate complication of problem of quality» Edvards V. Deming Quality and
necessities of Man.
The
Modern picture of quality of wares is based on principle of the most complete
implementation of requirements and wishes of user, and this principle must be
stopped up in basis of project of any good. The user of good can be both a
separate man and collectives of people are enterprises, organizations or
society on the whole (picture 1).
Picture 1.
Good as mean of satisfaction of necessities
In
any case necessities are related to properties of human personality. The psyche
of man is uttery difficult, and the enough complete theories of necessities of
man are not yet built. Nevertheless, now there is a row of theories, describing
kinds and mutual relations of necessities on the basis of which the developer
of wares can operate sufficiently sure and to labour for good practical
results.
One
of the most widespread theories is a theory of hierarchy of necessities of
English scientific Abraham Maslou (Abraham Maslow) [1], pulled out them in 50th
of our age. On Maslou, there are 5 groups or levels of necessities (see of
Ris.2). A lower level is basic or physiological necessities, such, as
requirements are in food, clothes, dwelling et cetera, which are determined
biological nature of man. More high level is requirements in protected from the
“shots of fate», such, as accidents, illnesses, disability, poverty and other
which can violate possibility of satisfaction of necessities of previous level –
physiological necessities. Yet more high level is social necessities, that
requirements in socializing, mutual relations with other people. On Maslou, the
necessities of every level are related to possibility of satisfaction of
necessities of previous level, and social necessities are caused aspiration
more fully to satisfy requirements in protected. A next level is necessities of
confession, or necessities of “Ego». It is requirements in prestige, respect of
circumferential, to glory et cetera The greatest level of necessities is
requirements in self-perfection, or necessity of development. It is possible to
consider that all these types of necessities exist not only for a separate man
but also for the collectives of people, including enterprises and society on
the whole.
Picture
2. Role of good in satisfaction of necessities on the basis of theory of A. Maslou
In
times of the use of theory the row of clarifications major which it is been
from was done:
·
on Maslou, passing to the necessity takes place more high level,
if the necessity of previous level is satisfied on 100%; modern psychologists
consider that this percent less than – poryadka 70% and even less;
·
the hierarchy of necessities of concrete man is in a great deal
determined the level of development of his psyche, it changes from a man to the
man and different for one man in different periods of his life. With
development of psyche of man of necessity more high level become major as
compared to the necessities of more low level.
2.
Quality, value and cost of good
In
an order to satisfy the necessities of man, good must be certain
characteristics, and degree of accordance between properties of good and
determines quality of good the necessities satisfied with his help. The degree
of satisfaction of user good serves as a measure of quality of wares presently,
determined correlation of cost and value (to the use value) of good: {Quality}
= {Satisfaction of user} = {Value} / {Ctoimost'}.
For
a producer all products, not containing defects which would hinder a sale this
products, have a value. For an user those properties of products, which
correspond his expectations, have a value only. For us three basic between's
are important by a value and cost:
-
between a value and cost of products for an user (Q);
-
between a value and cost of products for a producer (QP);
-
between a value for an user and producer (Ê); this
correlation determines the competitiveness of production to a great extent.
We
will consider, as these correlations changed in the process of development of
production in a 20-mcode age.
Conceptions
of enterprise and quality
“Approach
to the problem is more important, than its decision» Law of Hall.
There
always are internal and external aims in entrepreneurial activity. Internal
aims are put before itself by a businessman, beginning or developing business.
They, as a rule, personal is an increase of own profit, satisfaction what –
that the personal ambitions and inclinations et cetera External aims of
enterprise are those aims on which expects society, letting a businessman his
activity. For society not enough, that a businessman only deducted him a
certain stake arrived as taxes, it is necessary for him, that activity of
businessman helped to decide those tasks, which society before itself puts.
In
the most general sense, these tasks are related to upgrading life in society,
on the principle that society understands under such quality. Activity of
businessman is always social, and in the developed society businessman it
realizes perfectly. He builds the activity on the basis of philosophy of
enterprise are conceptions, describing most general principles, going near the
production of wares and services, management of such operations, mutual
relations between a businessman, employees of enterprise, society, state,
natural environment. Philosophy of enterprise is based on cultural and national
traditions, general conceptions of development of technical civilization. Major
component part of philosophy of enterprise is philosophy of quality, which has
a social orientation also. We will look, as maintenance of modern management of
quality is determined in accordance with the international standard of ISO
8402:
"Method
of management organization, based on the collaboration of all its workers,
oriented to quality and providing through satisfaction of queries of users,
achievement of aims of of long duration enterprise success and benefit for all
workers of organization and economy on the whole".
Note
1. “all its workers» are meant by all personnel of organization, at all levels
of hierarchy of its organizational structure.
Note
2. Substantial for providing of success of this method is the convinced and
persistent guidance from the side of higher administration and teaching and
retraining of all workers of organization.
Note
3. Term “quality» at the total management of quality absorbs in itself and
achievement of all aims of management.
Note
4. “benefits for… economies are on the whole meant» by implementation of
requirements of all subjects of economy».
In
this determination we see how follow in one unit success of businessman,
benefits for the employees of enterprise, – the hired workers, being not
owners, – and benefits for a public economy on the whole. Practice shows, what
only at such harmonious concordance of interests of all participants of
entrepreneurial activity is arrived at steady of long duration success.
In
the modern industrial-developed countries at the beginning of 20th age philosophy
of enterprise, based on conception of the so-called "society of
consumption", began to be folded, I.e. societies, the purpose of existence
of which is satisfaction of necessities of fellow-citizens. Finally this
conception of society was formulated in 50th. A major contribution to
embodiment of this conception in life brought in president of the USA John
Ficzheral'd Kennedy, pulling out conception of state defense of rights for an
user at the beginning of 60th. In obedience to this conception, the state is
under an obligation actively to interfere in the mutual relations of producer
of commodities and services and user on a side last, barriering him from of
poor quality products and undertaking defense of his rights. A law was accepted
on defense of rights for users.
The
main figure of such society is an user. His requirements (if they are socially
safe) possess priority above possibilities of producer, and are on the
defensive establishments of the state and society. Can be considered major
achievements of "society of consumption":
ü successive
making reality of ideas of trade freedom, that resulted in international market
of commodities and services creation – an user in any country can acquire a
commodity, produced in any country; investigation of it is the sharp
intensifying of competition of producers, intensifying of their fight for
upgrading products and competition prices, for the decline of terms of output
of commodity to the market and at the same time strengthening of co-operation
and collaboration in a production and advancement of commodities to the market;
ü development of
the systems of state and public defense of rights for users on high-quality
products and services; these systems of defense not only allow an user to exact
from a producer harm for of poor quality products and services but also warn
the market entry of such products, and also limit monopolization of market a
producer; investigation of it is a necessity of producer to give an user the
system of proofs of quality of commodity yet till user this commodity
purchased;
ü high enough
level of consciousness of users which agree to pay for quality and ready to
co-operate with a producer in his increase.
In
spite of all attractiveness of conception of "society of
consumption", to the 90-th it became clear to the years, that
out-of-control growth of necessities can lead, at least, to serious violations
of properties of environment, and even to cause ecological catastrophe. The
resources of Earth are not counted on that greater part of population of planet
entered in "society of consumption". At the same time conception of
development of most states is directed exactly on included in "society of
consumption" (Russia is a not exception). Therefore some new philosophy of
enterprise and, accordingly, new philosophy of quality will develop in the near
time. The separate lines of new philosophy of quality show up already now, for
example, in conception of ecological management and in conception of the
production system of "Toyota".
Thus,
in accordance with existent philosophy of enterprise, all plenitude of
responsibility for quality of wares and services lies on a producer. A producer
in different historical intervals variously reacted on this responsibility,
incarnating different philosophy of providing of quality.
Stages
of development of philosophy of quality “Commodities return, buyers – it is not»
Robert At. Pich.
In
history of philosophy of quality exist 4 recovered and proceedings phases
which, in complete accordance with the laws of dialectics, contradictions
developed under constraint between the internal and external aims of producer –
providing of quality of the produced products and accordingly strengthening of
position of producer at the market (external purpose) and increase of
efficiency of production, that by the increase of income of company (internal
purpose). It is contradiction on every stage of development of production,
market and society had the specific and settled variously. The evolution of
methods of providing of quality is resulted on Picture 4.
It
began together with a handicraft and entered in practice of separate masters,
which checked up the own work, masters which looked after work of apprentices,
buyers which sorted out wares carefully, to do shop. It is not necessary to
forget workshop organizations of medieval cities, which, if to be expressed a
modern language, certified masters, – awarded the rank of master after the
serious tests of quality of good. Each the wares was individual.
In
70th XIX age the idea of standard quality gave birth in a gun production
(factories of Samuel Kol'ta) – wares going not from the details driven in to
each other, but from by chance chosen from party, that rotabless. Before
assembling these details were checked up by calibers, and the worthless.
Control and was carried out by the specially trained inspectors.
A
prominent contribution to development of this phase was brought in by the
American automakers – Henry Martin Leland (founder of firm "Kadillak")
and Henry Ford. Leland first applied in a motor-car production work on calibers
and a "communicating" and "uncommunicating" caliber thought
of a pair. In March, 1908 the experts of Britannic took away casual appearance 3
copies from export party of cars "Kadillak", arriving to England, and
took apart them to the last screw. All details were brought down in a heap,
and then – what details from this heap withdrew and replaced repair parts,
adopted again at random in local on a sale and maintenance of cars
"Kadillak". Then the group of mechanics, armed only screwdrivers and
wrenches, collected machines anew and started up engines. Two machines were led
from a maiden attempt, and one – with the second, and all of them left on the
protracted rolling on the vehicle testing point of Bruklends just handed over
in exploitation. And when the again collected machines confirmed the complete
identity of the workings descriptions the parameters of cars of shop-assembled,
Britannic diplomaed a firm "Kadillak" and silver cup with inscription
"For standardization". After it on a tablet with the coat of arms of
firm on cars "Kadillak" inscription of "Standart of the
world" appeared is an ensample for the whole world.
Ford
was applied by an assembly line and entered in place of entrance control of
assembling output control on those productions, where these was made, that on
assembling began to act only suitable, high-quality wares. He created separate
service of technical control, independent of production also.
By
scientific generalization and ground of experience, accumulated on this stage,
to steel of work of the American scientist, engineer and manager Frederic At.
Teylora, comrade-in-arms Ford. Conception of scientific management, including
approach of the systems, skilled management, is exactly offered to them, idea
of division between workers and providing of high-quality and effective work of
organization, idea of the scientific setting of norms of labour. He developed
the basic ideas of hierarchical structure of management organization, which in
a final kind formulated Anri Fayol' and Max Veber. Maybe, that due to activity
of F. U. Teylora I G. Forda conception of organization of machine production
(production system of Forda – Teylora), which in basic lines lasted to the
present tense and is the model of organization of production of most modern
enterprises, was created. Only in 70th on changing other conception began
to come it (production system of Toyota).
Basis
of conception of providing of quality of this phase can be formulated so:
“An
user must get suitable wares only, I.e. wares, to the standards. Basic efforts
must be directed on that not suitable wares (marriage) would be cut off from an
user».
Successive
embodiment in life of this conception drove already to 20th to that the
quantity of inspectors in hi-tech industries (aviation, military industry)
began to make to 30 – 40% from the quantity of production workers, sometimes
and more.
Within
the framework of this conception, upgrading is always accompanied growth of
expenses on his providing, I.e. aims of increase of efficiency of production
and upgrading wares are contradictory (can not be attained simultaneously).
3.
Phase of quality management
This
phase begins with 20th XX ages as attempt if not to settle, or weaken
contradiction in a form, peculiar previous phase. The point of counting out is
consider works, executed in Department of technical control of firm Western
Electrician, USA. In May, 1924 employee of department doctor Shukhart passed to
the chief a short message, which contained the method of construction of
diagrams, known now all over the world as check cards of Shukharta Statistical
methods, offered Shukhartom, gave in the hands of instrument, which allowed to
concentrate efforts not on that, how to discover and withdraw worthless wares
to their shipping a buyer, but on that, how to increase the output of suitable
wares in tekhprocesse.
One
of remarkable achievements of practice of quality management was become by
creation of public accountant service in quality, which unlike the departments
of technical control was engaged in not products, but by control of small
selections from parties of wares checked up the capacity of the system of
providing of quality on a production.
On
this phase became the kernel of conception of providing of quality:
“A
primary objective is saved – an user must get suitable wares only, I.e. wares,
to the standards.
Introduction
of conception of providing of quality in practice allowed considerably to
promote efficiency of production at high enough quality of wares and services,
that created terms for forming of global market of commodities and services. At
the same time, understanding grew that the certain limit of output of suitable
wares has every production process, and it a limit is determined a not process
in itself, but system, that by all aggregate of activity of enterprise,
organizations of labour, managements, which this process flows in. Under reaching
this limit that contradiction operates with a new sharpness, what on the
previous stage, – the aims of increase of efficiency of production and
upgrading wares become contradictory.
4.
Phase of management of quality it is accepted to count
Beginning
of phase of management of quality with 1950 years. A turning event was become
by appearance with lectures before the leading industrialists of Japan of
doctor Edvardsa Deminga, American. For 12 lectures doctor Deming met with
hundreds of leading managers of the Japanese firms. By him, and also by Joseph
M. of Dzhuranom, other American, also invited in order of governmental
technical help to Japan, the program the basic idea of which was developed:
"Basis of quality of products is quality of labour and high-quality
management on all levels, that such organization of work of collectives of
people, when every worker enjoys the work".
The
program was based already not on perfection only of production processes, but
on perfection of the system on the whole, on the direct participating of top
management of companies in the problems of quality, teaching of all employees
of companies from top to bottom to the basic methods of providing of quality,
support on motivation of employees on high-quality labour. Place of conception
of non-admission of marriage to the user and conception of increase of output
of suitable wares was taken the by conception "0 defects".
Exactly
due to successive realization of ideas of Deminga, Dzhurana and Kaori Ishikavy
Japan, country, more than poor natural resources and broke war, became one of
the richest countries of the world.
Basic
contribution to development of both this phase and to subsequent, brought in
Krosbi
(Crosby, Philip B.) – in 1964 offered the program "0 defects"; it was
during many years the vice-president of company ITT, was the president of
American society on a quality (ASQS) management, presently consultant of many
companies all over the world, heads a consulting firm Philip Crosby Associates,
Inc.
Deming
(Deming W. Edwards) – being one of leading specialists on the statistical
methods of providing of quality, in 1950 got invitation from the Japanese union
of scientists and engineers (JUSE) to take part in a salvager Japanese
industry. There he and offered the program of management of quality from 14
points, developed principle of permanent improvement qualities which produced
revolution in Japanese industry. In his honour of JUSE in 1951 founded the very
prestige annual bonus of his name – prize for the Japanese firm, bringing in a
most contribution to development of ideas of management of quality, analogical
prize for a foreign firm and individual prize. With 1980 the American
association of statistics awards the bonus of the name of Deminga also. Deming
was one of the consultants most known in the world in area of management of
quality, author more than 200 books in this area, honoured doctor of ten of the
American universities. In 1987 got the personal congratulation of president of
the USA. Died in 1995.
Feygenbaum
(Feigenbaum Armand V.) – developed principles of total quality management and
parallel (simultaneous) engineering; more than 10 years worked in General
Electric, after founded an own consulting firm General Systems Company, Ltd,
the president of which is to the present tense. This firm – one of world
centers of consultations in area of management of quality.
Ishikava
(Ishikawa, Kaori) – thought of the "circle of quality", offered the
diagrams of "reason is investigation" (diagram of Ishikavy),
developed conception management quality all collective of enterprise
participates in which. From the beginning of 50th of more active participating
in the program JUSE in quality. one of developers of new conception of
organization of production, incarnate on a firm "Toyota" (production
system of "Toyota", TPS).
Dzhuran
(Juran, Joseph M.) – developed principle of "triads of quality"; it
is one of anchorwomen business – consultants in area of quality.
Mesing
(Masing Walter) – offered a reference "book in quality" as a basic
document of the system of providing of quality of enterprise.
Maybe,
that exactly on this phase of providing of quality there was a management of
quality in his modern understanding. Contradiction between upgrading and growth
of efficiency of production in his former forms was overcame – application of
new ideas of management allowed simultaneously to promote quality and reduce
production inputs. An user practically in entire countries began to get goods
and services of the highest quality at moderate price – the idea of “society of
consumption» realized. At the same time, conception of the standartized
quality, in obedience to which under high-quality good is understood, to which
defined requirements and fixed in norms producer, and an user is right either
to purchase the offered product or reject it, resulted in intensifying of
contradiction between quality and efficiency in a new form, – at an error in
determination of queries of users on leaving of suitable, from point of
producers, wares to the market of expense extraordinarily great.
This
phase began to be engendered in the middle 60th as development of ideas of
previous phase in the direction of more complete satisfaction of queries of
users. The necessity of development of this phase is related to world market of
commodities and services development, sharp intensifying of competition at this
market and policy of state defense of interests of users.
All
of it resulted in a situation, when placing to the market of products, having
“child's illnesses» or satisfying the queries of user in less degree, what
wares of competitors, CPLD from one side, with development of theory of
reliability of wares, and de autre part, with wide introduction of the
computing engineering and CADD in a development of products process. Basis of
conception of new phase was become:
1.
idea, that greater part of defects of wares is mortgaged on the
stage of development from insufficient quality of project works;
2.
transfer of centre of gravity of works on creation of good from
the model tests of pre-production models or parties to the mathematical design
of properties of wares, and also design of processes of production of wares,
that allows to discover and remove designer and technological defects yet to
beginning of the stage of production;
3.
place of conception "0 defects" were occupied by
conception of the "satisfied user";
4.
high quality must be given an user for an affordable cost which
goes down constantly, as a competition on markets is ever-higher.
The
basic ideas of new phase are outspoken in works of Geniti Taguti, doctor
Micuno, in scientific developments of companies "Toyota" and
"Micubisi".
Taguti
(writing of Taguchi is sometimes used – Taguchi, Genichi) – offered the function
of losses of quality, developed the method of planning of industrial
experiments.
Within
the framework of phase of planning of quality it is succeeded practically to
overcome contradiction between quality and efficiency of production in his
existing forms, and a new phase arises up at the display of new form of this
contradiction. For example, requirements of user, that not only products but also
production process would be esuriently, I.e. would not do damage an
environment. This phase is only engendered presently, and its conception yet
finally was not formed.
List
of literature
1.
Nothing superfluous. Philosophy of conduct of business from SEO
Gillette: James Kilts, John Manfredi, Robert Lorber: God "send, Ivanov and
Ferber", – 2008.
2.
"The Ultimate Book of Business Thinking: Harnessing the Power
of the World's Greatest Business Ideas" by Des Dearlove.
3.
"Gemba Kaizen: A Commonsense, Low-Cost Approach to
Management" by Masaaki Imai.
4.
"Harvard Business Review On Innovation" by Clayton M.
Christensen, Michael Overdorf, Ian MacMillan, Rita McGrath, Stefan Thomke.
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