Английский язык для экономических специальностей (English for economists)
Учебно-методическое пособие по английскому языку
Автор: Г.П. Исаева
Настоящее учебно-методическое пособие построено на
традиционных принципах методики и предназначено для студентов заочных отделений
экономических вузов и факультетов, специализирующихся в области маркетинга и
менеджмента, а также для широкого круга специалистов-экономистов, изучающих
английский язык.
Основная цель данного пособия - сформировать у
обучающихся умение читать и переводить оригинальную литературу по специальности
и познакомить с вопросами управления и маркетинга в Англии и США. Тексты уроков
подобраны из оригинальных источников.
Contents
Unit 1
Grammar:
1. Глаголы to be, to have.
2. Present simple.
3. Притяжательный падеж существительных.
4. Оборот there is, there are.
5. Неопределенные местоимения much, many, few, little.
Text. Economics
Unit 2
Grammar:
1. Порядок слов в английском повествовательном
предложении.
2. Имя существительное в общем падеже в функции
определения
3. Притяжательные местоимения.
Text. The market economy
Unit 3
Grammar:
1. Past simple.
2. Эмфатический оборот it is (was)...
That (who)
3. Числительные
Text. Marketing
Unit 4
Grammar:
1. Future simple.
2. Модальные глаголы
3. Text. Product, price, promotion and place: the four p’s
of marketing
The economy of london
Unit 5
Grammar:
1. Participle ii.
2. Passive voice.
3. Сравнительные обороты.
Text. Industrial management
Unit 6
Grammar:
1. Perfect tenses.
2. Подчинительные союзы и союзные слова.
3. Побудительные предложения.
Text. Distributing the product
Text. Territorial and administrative division of
government in the united kingdom
Unit 7
Grammar:
1. Participle i (present participle active).
2. Continuous tenses.
3. Безличные предложения с местоимением it.
4. Особые случаи образования множественного числа
существительных.
Text. Production management the "five m's"
Unit 8
Grammar:
1. Правила согласования времен. Косвенная речь.
2. Future-in-the-past.
3. Бессоюзные определительные предложения.
4. This-these, that-those как заменители ранее стоящего существительного.
Text a. How competition benefits us all.
Text b. Competition in many markets: an example.
Unit 9
Grammar:
1. Passive voice.
2. Пассивные конструкции характерные для английского языка.
3. Формы инфинитива.
Text. Management and control of companies
Unit 10
Grammar:
1. Функции инфинитива.
2. Инфинитив в функции определения и обстоятельства.
Text. The sources of business funds
Unit 11
Grammar:
1. Объектный инфинитивный оборот (the objective
infinitive construction).
2. Субъектный инфинитивный оборот (the subjective
infinitive construction).
Text. Partnership
Unit 12
Grammar:
1. Герундий.
2. Герундиальные обороты.
Text. The federal reserve system
Other bank services
Unit 13
Grammar:
1. Participle i
2. Причастные обороты.
3. Независимые причастные обороты.
Text. Small business in the usa: an s-corporation is not
always best.
Unit 14
Grammar:
1. Условные предложения (conditional sentences).
2. Бессоюзные условные предложения.
Text. Taxes, taxes, taxes
Appendix 1. States of the united states of america
Appendix 2. Counties of the united kingdom of great
britain and northern ireland
Appendix 3. Administrative and territorial divisions of
the russian federation
Appendix 4. Supplementary reading
Unit 1
Grammar: 1. Глаголы to be, to have.
2.
Present Simple.
3. Притяжательный
падеж существительных.
4. Оборот
there
is, there are.
5. Неопределенные
местоимения much,
many, few, little.
I. Language
Practice
1. Practise the fluent reading and
correct intonation:
ö
Hello, John! ø
Hello! `Howö are
you? Thank ø you,
I’m all ö
right; ö Thank
ø you,
very ö
well; ö
Thank you, `not so ö
well. `How are you ö
doing? `How is ö
business? `Not ö
bad. `How’s ö
life? öFine,
`thanks. `How do you ø do? `Good ö morning! öMorning!`Good
afterönoon!
Good ö
evening! ö
Evening! Glad to ö
meet you! `Haven’t `seen you for ö ages! It’s `good to `see you aögain!
How `nice to see you aögain!
2. Listen to the speaker; read and
memorize the following words and phrases:
1.
to be concerned with - заниматься изучением чего-то
2.
exchange - обмен
3.
consumption - потребление
4.
goods and services - товары и услуги
5.
business enterprises - деловое предприятие
6.
objective - цель
7.
psychology [sai`k]lc®i] - психология
8.
sociology - [ /sousi`]lc®i] - социология
9.
behavior - [ bi`heivjc] -
поведение
10.
microeconomics - [/maikroui:kc`n]miks]
- микроэкономика
11.
interplay - взаимодействие
12.
supply and demand - спрос и предложение
13.
a competitive market - рынок конкурирующих продавцов
14.
wage rates - ставки заработной платы
15.
profit margins - коэффициенты прибыльности
16.
rental changes - изменения арендной платы
17.
consumer - потребитель
18.
income - доход
19.
entrepreneur - фр. [antrcprc`nc:(r)] - предприниматель
20.
to deal with - заниматься чем-либо
21.
employment - занятость
22.
to increase - увеличивать
23.
interest - процент
24.
John Maynard Keynes - Джон Мейнард Кейнс
Text. Economics
Economics,
social science concerned with the production, distribution, exchange, and
consumption of goods and services. Economists focus on the way in which
individuals, groups, business enterprises, and governments seek to achieve
efficiently any economic objective they select. Other fields of study also
contribute to this knowledge: Psychology and ethics try to explain how
objectives are formed; history records changes in human objectives; sociology
interprets human behavior in social contexts.
Standard economics can be divided into two major fields.
The first, price theory or microeconomics, explains how the interplay of supply
and demand in competitive markets creates a multitude of individual prices,
wage rates, profit margins, and rental changes. Microeconomics assumes that
people behave rationally. Consumers try to spend their income in ways that give
them as much pleasure as possible. As economists say, they maximize utility.
For their part, entrepreneurs seek as much profit as they can extract from
their operations.
The second field, macroeconomics, deals with modern explanations
of national income and employment. Macroeconomics dates from the book, The
General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1935), by the British
economist John Maynard Keynes. His explanation of prosperity and depression
centers on the total or aggregate demand for goods and services by consumers,
business investors, and governments. Because, according to Keynes, inadequate
aggregate demand increases unemployment, the indicated cure is either more
investment by businesses or more spending and consequently larger budget
deficits by government.
II. Exercises on
the Text:
3. Give Russian equivalents to:
social science; distribution of goods and services; to
try to explain; sociology interprets human behavior; to create a multitude of
individual prices; to spend their income; as much pleasure as possible; they
maximize utility; for their part; to deal with modern explanation; prosperity
and depression; demand for goods and services; business investors; according to
Keynes; larger budget deficits.
4. Answer the following questions:
1.
What is economics?
2.
On what problems do economists focus their attention?
3.
What do psychology and ethics try to explain?
4.
What does sociology interpret in social contexts?
5.
Into what fields can be standard economics divided?
6.
What does microeconomics explain?
7.
How do consumers try to spend their income?
8.
Do they maximize utility?
9.
What questions does the second field study?
10.
Who is the author of the book «The General Theory of
Employment, Interest, and Money»?
11.
How does he explain prosperity and depression?
III. Grammar Exercises
5. Write these phrases in the possessive
form, i.e. with ‘s or ‘
1.
the corporations of the nation.
2.
the activities of the people.
3.
the desires of consumers.
4.
the image of a product.
5.
the reputation of a seller.
6.
the work of a day.
7.
the economy of a country.
8.
the problems of the economists.
9.
the play of the government.
10.
the works of Keynes.
11.
the dollar of a consumer.
6. Give the comparative and superlative
of the following:
Example: high
-higher - the highest;
professional - more professional -
the most professional.
efficient, rational, modern, total, large, rich, poor,
little, good, traditional, important.
7. Translate the following into Russian:
1. There are, however, no «pure» market economies
in the world today.
2. Economists note that there is no limit to the
amount or kinds of things that people want.
3. There is, however, a limit to the resources.
4. In addition to buyers and sellers, there are
several other essential elements in a market economy.
5. There are many buyers and sellers so that no
individual or group can control prices.
6. There are two ways to earn income: from your
work and from the use of your wealth.
8.
Chose the right word to the words given in the first column:
many
|
goods
|
|
much
|
economists
|
|
a
lot of
|
enterprises
|
|
little
|
knowledge
|
|
few
|
markets
|
|
|
governments
|
|
|
explanations
|
|
|
time
|
|
|
activities
|
|
|
work
|
|
9. Translate into Russian:
1.
Economists have two ways of looking at economics and
economy.
2.
Macroeconomics is the study of the economy as a whole,
microeconomics is the study of individual consumers and the business firm.
3.
Each factor of production has a place in our economic
system, and each has a particular function.
4.
Price stability refers to times during which prices
remain constant.
5.
A budget is a financial plan that summarizes income and
expenditures over a period of time.
6.
Saving is one of the most important things that people
do with their incomes.
7.
Economic forces also affect decisions in the world of
business.
8.
The United States government also employs economists to
study economic problems and to suggest ways to solve them.
9.
Consumers are people who use goods and services to
satisfy their wants.
10.
Efficiency is a measure of how much we get for what we
use.
11.
Demand is a consumer’s willingness and ability to buy a
product or service at a particular time and place.
10. Translate English jokes.
A.: Our math professor talks to himself, does yours?
B.: Yes, but he doesn’t realize it. He thinks we’re
listening.
¾ T T T
¾
I find television very educating. Every time somebody
turns on the set, I go to the other room and read a book.
11. Read the text and retell the
contents in Russian:
London
London (England), city in southeastern England, capital
of Great Britain, at the head of the Thames estuary, west of its mouth on the
North Sea. London is one of the world’s most important financial and cultural
centers and is noted for its museums, performing arts, exchange and commodity
markets, and insurance and banking functions, as well as a host of specialized
services. In popular and traditional usage, the term City of London, or the
City, is applied only to a small area (2.59 sq km/1 sq mi) that was the
original settlement (ancient Londinium) and is now part of the business and
financial district of the metropolis. The City of London and 32 surrounding
boroughs form the Greater London metropolitan area, which has an area of 1579
sq km (610 sq mi).
Government
The London Government Act (1963) authorized the creation
of a two-tiered government consisting of 32 borough councils and the Greater
London Council. The borough councils are locally elected and are responsible
for local functions. Until its abolition in 1986, the Greater London Council
administered broad functions for the metropolitan area as a whole, such as
overall planning, the coordination of transportation systems, and the
management of parks. The council comprised 100 councilors, locally elected, and
15 aldermen, elected by the councilors.
The historic Corporation of the City of London is
equivalent in function to a borough council. Since the reign of King John in
the 13th century, citizens of the City of London have had the right
to elect their own mayor. The corporation government is composed of the Lord
mayor, who is elected annually by members of the livery companies (guilds); 25
aldermen, who are elected for life; and 153 council members, who are elected
annually from 25 wards.
(From an Encyclopedia)
Unit
2
Grammar:1.
Порядок слов в английском повествовательном предложении.
2. Имя
существительное в общем падеже в функции определения
3. Притяжательные
местоимения.
I. Language
Practice
1. Practise the fluent reading and
correct intonation:
Good ø bye!
`Bye ø bye!
`So ø
long! `See you ø soon! `See you ø later! `See you
toømorrow!
I `hope we’ll `see someö more of you! Good ø
night! Good ø day!
Re`member me to...
`May
I intro`duce `Mr. ö
N.? `How do you ö
do? `Glad to ö meet
you. `Pleased to ö
meet you. ö
Please, intro`duce me to your ö friend. `Let me intro`duce you to
`Doctor ö M.
`Meet `Mr ö F.
`Meet my ö friend,
`Doctor ö M.
`Many
ö
thanks. `Thanks a ö
lot. `That’s ö nice
of you. `Not at ö
all! `That’s all ø right! `Don’t ö mention it!
2. Listen to the speaker; read and
memorize the following words and phrases:
1.
a buyer - покупатель
2.
a seller - продавец
3.
private property - частная собственность
4.
to own - владеть
5.
means of production - средства производства
6.
incentive - стимул
7.
to earn profits - получать прибыль
8.
cost - цена, стоимость
9.
cost price - цена производства
10.
selling price - продажная цена
11.
to charge a price - назначать цену
12.
polling booth - кабина для голосования
13.
to undersell - продавать по сниженной цене
Text.
The Market Economy
A Market, or free enterprise economy is one in which the
decisions of many individual buyers and sellers interact to determine the
answers to the questions of What, How and Who.
In addition to buyers and sellers, there are several
other essential elements in a market economy. One of these is private property.
By «private property» we mean the right of individuals and business firms to
own the means of productions. Although markets exist in traditional and command
economies, the major means of productions (firms, factories, farms, mines,
etc.) are usually publicly owned. That is, they are owned by groups of people
or by the government. In a market economy the means of production are owned by
private individuals. Private ownership gives people the incentive to use their
property to produce things that will sell and earn them a profit.
This desire to earn profit is a second ingredient in
market economy. Often referred to as the profit motive, it provides the fuel
that drives sellers to produce the things that buyers want, and at a price they
are willing to pay.
The profit motive also gives sellers the incentive to
produce at the lowest possible cost. Why? Because lower costs enable them to
(1) increase their profit margins, the difference between cost and selling
price, or (2) reduce prices to undersell during the competition, or (3) both.
Economists often compare markets to polling booths. However, unlike the
booths in which people vote for politicians, markets provide a kind of economic
polling booth for buyers to cast their votes (in the form of purchases) for the
goods and services they want. Producers who interpret the votes correctly by
producing the things that buyers demand can earn profits. Those who interpret
the voting incorrectly, producing too much or too little, or charging a price
that is too high or too low, do not earn profits. In fact, they often lose
money.
Consumer votes can be a matter of life and death to
business in a market economy.
II. Exercises on
the Text:
3. Give Russian equivalents to:
the decisions of many individual buyers and sellers
interact; essential elements; the right to own the means of production; to
exist in traditional and command economies; publicly owned; the incentive to
use their property; the desire to earn profits; often referred to; to drive
sellers to produce the things; the lowest possible cost; to increase their
profit margins; unlike the booth; to vote for politicians; to cast their votes;
to interpret the voting incorrectly; too much or too little; to lose money; a
matter of life and death to business.
4. Answer the following questions:
1.
What is a market, or free enterprise?
2.
Are there several other essential elements in a market
economy?
3.
What do we mean by «private property»?
4.
Who own the major means of production?
5.
What does private ownership give people?
6.
What is the profit motive?
7.
Why does the profit motive give sellers the incentive to
produce at the lowest possible cost?
8.
To what do economists often compare markets?
9.
What is the difference?
10.
When do producers lose money?
III. Grammar Exercises
5. Translate the following into Russian:
1. a market economy, a command economy, business
firms, profit motive, profit margins, price theory, wage rates, rental changes,
business investors, budget deficits, production materials, wage incentive
programs, Austrian - American management, consultant, consumer interests,
government planners, computer experts, industry specialists.
2. consumption of goods, fields of study, the
interplay of supply and demand, explanation of prosperity and depression,
demand for goods and services, means of production, lines of responsibility,
the purchase of equipment, provision of work, sale of products, utilization of
computers.
Формы
притяжательных местоимений
Число
|
Лицо
|
I
форма (зависимая)
|
II
форма (независимая)
|
|
1-е
|
my-
мой, моя, мое, мои
|
mine- мой,
моя, мое, мои
|
Един-
|
2-е
|
your-
твои, твоя, твое, твои
|
yours- твой,
твоя, твое, твои
|
ствен-
|
|
his-
его
|
his-
его
|
ное
|
3-е
|
her-
ее
|
hers- ее
|
|
|
its- его,
ее (о неодушевлен-
|
its- его,
ее
|
|
|
ных
предметах)
|
|
Множе
|
1-е
|
our-
наш, наша, наше, наши
|
ours-
наш, наша, наше, наши
|
ствен-
|
2-е
|
your-
ваш, ваша, ваше, ваши
|
yours-
ваш, ваша, ваше, ваши
|
ное
|
3-е
|
their-
их
|
theirs-
их
|
6. Put in the missing verbs and
possessive forms:
Pronoun Verb Possessive
1. I come from Russia ...
language is Russian.
2. He ... from Poland ...
language is Polish.
3. You come from Sweden ...
language is Swedish.
4. They ... from Norway ...
language is Norwegian.
5. We come from Denmark ...
language is Danish.
6. I come from Greece ...
language is Greek.
7. He ... from Holland ...
language is Dutch.
8. She ... from Germany ...
language is German.
9. They come from China ...
language is Chinese.
10. We ... from Spain ...
language is Spanish.
11. He ... from Japan ...
language is Japanese.
12. We come from England ...
language is English.
7.
Make ten questions, using these question words:
Who? What? Where? Why? How many? What kind of? What is
the difference? Is there? Are there? Have you?
8. Read the text and retell the contents
in Russian:
Keynes
Keynes, John Maynard, 1st Baron Keynes of Tilton
(1883-1946), British economist.
Keynes was born in Cambridge, England, and educated at
Eton College and the University of Cambridge. He began his career in the India
Office of the British government and wrote a highly regarded book, Indian
Currency and Finance (1913). During World War I he worked in the treasury,
which he represented at the Paris Peace Conference (1919). During the next
decade he made a fortune speculating in international currencies, taught at
Cambridge, and wrote Treatise on Probability (1921), a mathematical work, and A
Treatise on Money (1930). In the latter, he sought to explain why an economy
operates so unevenly, with frequent cycles of booms and depressions. Keynes
closely examined the problem of prolonged depression in his major work, The
General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1936). This book, which
provided a theoretical defense for programs that were already being tried in
Great Britain and by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the U.S., proposed that
no self-correcting mechanism to lift an economy out of a depression existed. It
stated that unused savings prolonged economic stagnation and that business
investment was spurred by new inventions, new markets, and other influences not
related to the interest rate on savings. Keynes proposed that government
spending must compensate for insufficient business investment in times of
recession.
Shortly after Great Britain entered World War II, Keynes
published How to Pay for the War (1940), in which he urged that a portion of
every wage earner’s pay should automatically be invested in government bonds.
In 1942 he was made a baron, and two years later he headed the British
delegation to the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, the Bretton
Woods Conference. There he promoted establishment of the International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development and the International Monetary Fund.
Keynes’s ideas have profoundly influenced the economic
policies of many governments since World War II, and many consider his General
Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money one of the most significant
theoretical works of the 20th century.
Unit
3
Grammar:
1. Past Simple.
2. Эмфатический
оборот it is (was)...
that (who) ...
3. Числительные
I. Language
Practice
1. Read the sentences given below. Mind
the stress and intonation in them:
There are
`nineteen `large `lecture `halls in the `central ö `building.
There are `one `hundred and `forty ø audi`toriums for `groups to ö
`study.
There is `no
`newspaper on the ö
table. There is `nothing on the ö table.
Is there a
`computer `centre in the ø `college? There were some scien`tific
la`boratories `here last ö year. `What is there on the ö
floor?
`How `many ö
`parks are there in this ö `city? There are ö
`many of them.
2. Listen to the speaker; read and
memorize the following words and phrases:
1.
to involve - вовлекать
2.
producer - производитель
3.
to be responsible for - быть ответственным за
4.
consumer - потребитель
5.
manufacturer - производитель, изготовитель
6.
pervasive - обширный
7.
to determine - определять
8.
needs and desires - нужды и желания
9.
with regard to - относительно, что касается
10.
to persuade - убеждать
11.
purchase - покупка
12.
product line - ассортимент изделий
13.
promotion - стимулирование, продвижение товара
14.
in addition - в дополнение
15.
to supervise - наблюдать за чем-либо
16.
warehouse - товарный склад, оптовый магазин
Text.
Marketing
Marketing, activities involved in getting goods from the
producer to the consumer. The producer is responsible for the design and
manufacture of goods. Early marketing techniques followed production and were
responsible only for moving goods from the manufacturer to the point of final
sale. Now, however, marketing is much more pervasive. In large corporations the
marketing functions precede the manufacture of a product. They involve market
research and product development, design, and testing.
Marketing concentrates primarily on the buyers, or
consumers, determining their needs and desires, educating them with regard to
the availability of products and to important product features, developing
strategies to persuade them to buy, and, finally, enhancing their satisfaction
with a purchase. Marketing management includes planning, organizing, directing,
and controlling decision making regarding product lines, pricing, promotion,
and servicing. In most of these areas marketing has complete control; in
others, as in product-line development, its function is primarily advisory. In
addition, the marketing department of a business firm is responsible for the
physical distribution of the products, determining the channels of distribution
that will be used and supervising the profitable flow of goods from the factory
or warehouse.
II. Exercises on
the Text:
3. Give Russian equivalents to:
Activities involved in getting goods; is responsible for
the design; early marketing techniques; to the point of final stage; is much
more pervasive; in large corporations; precede the manufacture of a product;
testing; with regard to the availability of product; enhancing their
satisfaction with a purchase; marketing management; regarding product lines;
promotion; its function is primarily advisory; the marketing department;
physical distribution; the profitable flow of goods.
4. Compose the questions using the
following words:
1. is, marketing, what?
2. the producer, is, for what, responsible?
3. early marketing technique, did, what, follow?
4. the manufacture of a profit, where, precede,
the marketing functions, do?
5. they, what, do, involve?
6. does, on, what, concentrate, marketing?
7. what, marketing management, does, include?
8. marketing, complete control, has, when?
9. the marketing department of a business firm,
responsible for the physical distribution of the products, is?
III. Grammar
Exercises
5. Form the Past Indefinite Tense of the
following verbs:
to involve, to be, to precede, to concentrate, to buy,
to get, to make, to have, to select, to contribute, to try, to assume, to
spend, to give, to increase.
6. Put the verbs in brackets in the Past
Indefinite Tense and translate the sentences:
1. Aristotle and Plato in ancient Greece (to
write) about problems of wealth, property, and trade.
2. The Romans (to borrow) their economic ideas
from the Greeks and (to show) the same contempt for trade.
3. In ancient and medieval times dire scarcity of
resources (to be) common and (to affect) the lives of most human beings.
4. In England, Parliament (to pass) a Statute of
Monopolies (1624).
5. The Second development (to be) the expansion of
production that (to follow) the Industrial Revolution.
6. Cartels (to originate) in Germany during the
1870s.
7. As business (to become) more competitive, new
and more complex corporate combinations (to come) on the scene.
7. Put all possible questions to the
sentence:
1. During World War II the government of Germany
utilized domestic cartels to produce armaments.
8. Translate into Russian paying
attention to the emphatic construction «it is ... that ...»:
2. It is the planners who decide what goods and
services will be produced.
3. It is the planners, too, with guidance from the
country’s political leadership, who decide who will receive the goods and
services produced.
4. It was at this time (1936) that Keynes’ work
was published.
5. Indeed, it is from the early 1970s, when
détente began to take shape.
9. Write in words these numbers:
11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 20, 30, 40.
10. Use hundred, thousand, million
with the words in brackets:
300 (dollar); 400 (pound); 10,000 (rouble); 500,000
(woman); 2,000,000 (man); 6,700 (child); 1,000 (computer).
11. Read the dates:
March 8, 1991; June 22, 1941; May 9, 1945; April
12,1961; January 1, 2000.
12. Translate English jokes:
A: Did the play have a happy ending?
B: Yes, everybody was happy when it ended.
A: A telegram from George, dear.
B: Well, did he pass the examination this time?
A: No, but he is almost at the top of the list of those
who failed.
Unit
4
Grammar:
1. Future Simple.
2. Модальные
глаголы
I. Language
Practice
1. Practise the fluent reading and
correct intonation:
`What’s
the ö
time? `What ö time
is it now? Can you `tell me the ø exact time? It’s two ö
o’clock. No, it’s half past ö two. Ex`cuse me, it’s `not `half past ö two,
it’s a `quarter past ö two. I’m `not quite `sure, it’s a
`quarter past ö two.
I’m aføraid
it’s a `quarter to ö
three already. I `haven’t `got a ö watch.
What
ö date
is it today? It’s the 10th of Noövember. What öday
of the `week is it? It is `Monday. Are you ø sure it’s the
`tenth of November and it’s `Monday toøday? öYes, I ö am. ø
Quite. Not at ö all.
`What’s the ö
weather like today? `How is it ö outside? It’s not ö warm
today. It was warm ö
yesterday. The `day was `beautiful and sunny. It’s going to ö
rain.
2. Listen to the speaker; read and
memorize the following words and phrases:
1.
customer - клиент, покупатель
2.
survey - исследование
3.
warranty card - гарантийная карта
4.
sophisticated - опытный, фальсифицированный
5.
a sample of consumers - обследуемая группа покупателей
6.
population - население
7.
to typify - [`tipifai] - служить типичным примером
8.
fixed expenses - постоянные затраты
9.
insurance - страхование
10.
rent - арендная плата
11.
variable expenses - переменные затраты
12.
a break-even point - точка самоокупаемости, точка
критического объема производства
13.
net loss - чистый убыток
14.
advertising - рекламирование
Text.
Product, Price, Promotion and Place: The Four P’s of Marketing
The total marketing concept involves four steps, or, as
they are often called, the four P’s of marketing - product, price, promotion
and place.
Product. The place to begin is with the product itself. A business must determine
what kind of product potential customers want. Companies employ very complex
market research techniques to find out. Surveys by phone, mail, or personal
interview can reveal, exactly, what’s on the consumer’s mind. The product
warranty card that you return after a purchase provides marketing information
too. Sophisticated research mathematics applied to a sample of consumers can
typify the rest of the consumers. If we can find out what a few want, we can assume
the others in the group of population will want the same things. Deciding who
should be in the sample is the problem. Researchers have very detailed formulas
for constructing marketing samples.
Price. Another
major part of marketing is price. Companies have to decide on a product price
that will cover all costs and also return a profit. Included in costs are such
fixed expenses as rent and insurance. Variable expenses must be anticipated
too. Those include the costs of material and commissions. These costs are used
to compute a break-even point - the point at which income from sales equals
fixed and variable expenses. On one side of this point, the company will have a
net loss and on the other side, a net profit.
Promotion. Promotion is a key part of marketing because it is the way business get
their messages to consumers.
Businesses would like to see steady growth rather than
sudden surges in business. One function of promotion is to maintain a steady
and growing demand. Promotions through advertising in the media, direct
mailings or through personal contact are a few of the ways producers make their
products known to consumers. If consumers don’t know about a product, they
won’t buy it. Through advertising, businesses tell people what products are available.
Advertising even gives them reasons to buy.
Place. The final
part of marketing, the fourth «P», is place. For a product to be useful, it has
to be in place when and where it is needed. That should seem obvious. To sell
products, business must anticipate «when» and «where» consumers will buy them.
A hot dog at a baseball game on a sunny afternoon is an example of excellent
product placement. A lemonade stand in the winter is not. Hot dogs have less
value after the game, and lemonade has more value in the summer.
II. Exercises on
the Text:
3. Give English equivalents to:
Общее понятие маркетинга включает четыре момента;
потенциальные покупатели; исследования по телефону, по почте; на уме
покупателя; обследуемая группа покупателей; чего хотят немногие; очень
подробные формулы; покрывать все издержки; такие постоянные затраты как рента и
страхование; вычислить точку самоокупаемости; ключевая часть маркетинга; в
средствах массовой информации; предприятия должны предвидеть.
4. Ask questions for these answers (work
in pairs):
1.
The total marketing concept involves four steps.
2.
They are product, price, promotion and place.
3.
Yes, it must.
4.
Surveys by phone, mail, or personal interview can reveal
it.
5.
The product warranty card provides marketing information
too.
6.
It is price.
7.
Variable expenses must be anticipated too.
8.
A break-even point is the point at which income from
sales equals fixed and variable expenses.
9.
Promotion is a key part of marketing.
10.
Advertising gives people reasons to buy products.
11.
To sell products, businesses must anticipate «when» and
«where» consumers will buy them.
5. Translate the following into Russian:
The Major
Marketing Functions
Marketing
Activity
|
Description
|
Gathering
information
|
Business
firms collect information about the market to forecast potential sales
|
Buying
|
Before
finished goods can be sold, they must be selected and purchased.
|
Transporting
|
Goods
must be shipped to the place where they are sold.
|
Selling
|
Goods
must be advertised, promoted and sold.
|
Storing
|
Business
firms had more goods than they can sell in a single day. These
must be stored until they are sold.
|
Financing
|
Cash
or credit must be found to pay for the goods the business intends to sell.
|
Standardizing
and Grading
|
«Standardizing»
is establishing uniform specifications for a product or a service. «Grading»
is classifying products by quality and size.
|
Managing
risk
|
People
in business risk loss if things fail to go as planned. Steps taken to limit
these risks fall into this category.
|
III. Grammar
Exercises
6. Write out these sentences putting the
verb in brackets into the future tense:
1. The study of economics (to help) you to
understand economic forces better.
2. Cleaning up the river (to require) a major
effort, and considerable expense.
3. A change in the price of one item (to result)
in a shift in the demand for a substitute.
4. An increase in production costs (to have) the
opposite effect - supply (to decrease).
5. As long as supply and demand remain unchanged,
the equilibrium of market price (to remain) constant.
7. Make the sentences (a) interrogative,
(b) negative:
1. They will try to economize to get the most from
what they have.
2. Economics will also help you to fulfill your
responsibilities as a citizen in a democracy.
3. Economists will agree that unemployment is bad.
4. Entrepreneurs will try to run their businesses
to earn the greatest profits.
8. Fill in the blanks with the verbs
«can», «may», «must», «have to», «to be able (to)»:
1.
Liquidity is a measure of the ease with which you ____
convert your savings to cash.
2.
Since a society cannot have everything, it ____ decide
which goods and services it will have now.
3.
Americans ____ to own property for business purposes and
use it to produce income.
4.
Most producers ____ make more than one product.
5.
Such systems ____ characterize isolated tribes or
groups, or even entire countries.
6.
Unable to compete with the Japanese, the company ____ to
go out of business.
7.
Any number of persons ____ contract to form a
partnership.
8.
You ____ earn the income to buy the things you want.
9.
The number and value of things we ____ to buy depends
upon the size of our income and how wisely we spend it.
10.
Most of the time, we ____ to keep track of our
expenditures so we ____ to meet our immediate needs.
9. Translate the following sentences
paying attention to the different functions of the word «one».
1. In fact one common definition of economics is
«the study of how people make a living».
2. The market price is the one at which goods and
services will actually be exchanged for money.
3. One of the main reasons people save their money
is to earn interest.
4. Advertising provides us with information about
prices, recent improvements in certain goods and services, and the availability
of new ones.
5. The development of the socio-economic
formations rises from the lower stage to the higher one.
10. State the part of speech of the
following words:
management, speaker, production, economist, economical,
economic, economics, national, technical, techniques, largely, product.
11. Form nouns with the help of the
suffixes:
-ment: to
manage, to agree, to govern, to employ, to invest, to develop.
-er: to consume, to
programme, to produce, to buy, to sell, to plan, to own, to manufacture.
-tion: to
produce, to distribute, to consume, to compete, to operate, to explain, to
determine.
-or: to distribute,
to invest, to operate, to regulate, to educate.
-ist: economy,
sociology, psychology, behavior, special.
12. Read the text and retell the
contents in Russian:
The
Economy of London
London’s
economy is distinguished by a multiplicity of activities that reflect the
structure of the British economy as a whole. Service industries account for
almost three-quarters of total employment; they include banking, insurance, the
civil service, transportation, education, food and drink, printing and
publishing, retailing, and numerous professional and custom services. Tourism
also plays a vital part in London’s service industries. Next in importance are
manufacturing and engineering and the latter has allied industries; each of
these two sectors accounts for approximately 10 percent of total employment.
The production of precision instruments, computers, aircraft, automobiles, chemicals,
and clothing, as well as the refining of petroleum, are all important. Not
unexpectedly, Greater London possesses the country’s greatest concentration of
professional, technical, and administrative occupations, as well as the highest
average income in Britain.
The central area of London is dominated by service
employment and characterized by the localized concentration of various
activities: banking and finance in the City, insurance and law in Holborn,
government in Westminster, newspaper publishing in Fleet Street, medicine in
Harley Street, tailoring in Savile Row, retail outlets in Bond and Oxford
streets, and education in Bloomsbury. Industrial activity is important in the
so-called Victorian Manufacturing Belt-a crescent-shaped band on the southern
bank of the Thames River, extending northwest from the City and Southwark.
Here, small-scale specialized production dominates.
Providing the raw materials and access to markets is the
extensive Port of London, the major docks of which are located just downstream
from London Bridge. London is one of Europe’s largest seaports and handles
virtually every type of commodity and cargo. To the west of Central London are
newer manufacturing areas such as Park Royal. Toward the periphery of Greater
London and in the surrounding outer metropolitan area are more sophisticated
and specialized industries, such as those manufacturing aircraft, computers,
and electronic equipment. To the west of London, economic development has been
stimulated by the presence of Heathrow International Airport, and to the south,
by Gatwick International Airport.
(From an
Encyclopedia)
Unit
5
Grammar:
1. Participle II.
2. Passive
Voice.
3. Сравнительные
обороты.
I. Language
Practice
1. Practise the intonation in the
questions and the answers:
Have you a ø
warranty card? Had you a ø warranty card? Have you got a ø
warranty card? `How many `classes `have you `got toö day? `Is there
an evening `department at the ø faculty? Are you a ø
student? `You are a student of the `All-`Russian `Distance `Institute of
Finance and ö
Economics, aren’t ø you? `Do you ø study or ö
work? Do you ø
agree? `I’m ø
afraid I don’t ö
agree. `Do you `really think ø so? `You’re `quite ö
right. `You didn’t `study `last year, did ø you?
2. Listen to the speaker; read and
memorize the following words and phrases:
1.
technique - [tek`ni:k] - техника (исполнения)
2.
an organization chart - организационная схема
3.
to designate [`dezilneit] - определять
4.
executives [il`zekjutivz] - директора
5.
execution [eksi`kju:n] - выполнение
6.
foreperson - мастер
7.
department head - начальник (цеха)
8.
with respect to - что касается
9.
supply - поставка, снабжение
10.
accounting - учет
11.
supervision - наблюдение
12.
guidance [`laidcns] - руководство
13.
records and reports - учетные документы и отчеты
14.
wage incentive program - программа
финансово-материального стимулирования
Text.
Industrial Management
Industrial Management, in business, term used to
describe the techniques and expertise of efficient organization, planning,
direction, and control of the operations of a business.
In the theory of industrial management, organization has
two principal aspects. One relates to the establishment of so-called lines of
responsibility, drawn usually in the form of an organization chart that
designates the executives of the business, from the president to the foreperson
or department head, and specifies the functions for which they are responsible.
The other principal aspect relates to the development of a staff of qualified
executives.
Planning in industrial management has three principal
aspects. One is the establishment of broad basic policies with respect to production;
sales; the purchase of equipment, materials, and supplies; and accounting. The
second aspect relates to the implementation of these policies by departments.
The third relates to the establishment of standards of work in all departments.
Direction is concerned primarily with supervision and guidance by the executive
in authority; in this connection a distinction is generally made between top
management, which is essentially administrative in nature, and operative
management, which is concerned with the direct execution of policy. Control
involves the use of records and reports to compare performance with the
established standards for work.
Industrial management as just defined dates from the
latter part of the 19th century. A notable impetus to its evolution
was provided by the American engineer Frederick Taylor, who developed
techniques for analyzing the operations involved in production and for setting
standards for a day’s work. The techniques originally devised by Taylor were
adopted by industrialists to other phases of business, including the employment
of qualified workers, and wage incentive programs either to replace or to
supplement the piecework system that had previously prevailed. Industrial
management experts who succeeded Taylor have applied his techniques to a wider
range of business problems. Among the leading successors are the
Austrian-American management consultant and educator Peter Drucker and the
American economist, writer, and diplomat John Kenneth Galbraith.
II. Exercises on
the Text:
3. Give English equivalents to:
термин, используемый для описания; два главных аспекта;
так называемый; которые определяют директоров предприятия; штат
квалифицированных исполнителей; установление политики; закупка оборудования;
уровни работы во всех отделах; в этой связи; высшее руководство; действующее
руководство; управление; использование учетных документов и отчетов; заметный
толчок; техника для анализа действий; была применена промышленниками; программы
финансово-материального стимулирования; система сдельного труда; среди ведущих
преемников; педагог.
4. Ask questions to these answers (work
in pairs).
1.
Organization has two principal aspects.
2.
One relates to the establishment of so-called lines of
responsibility.
3.
An organization chart designates the executives of the
business.
4.
Yes, it does.
5.
Planning has.
6.
The third aspect relates to the establishment of
standards of work in all departments.
7.
Yes, it is.
8.
A distinction is made between top management and
operative management.
9.
Control involves the use of records and reports.
10.
The American engineer Frederick Taylor.
11.
It was adopted to the employment of qualified workers,
and wage incentive programs.
5. Translate the following into Russian:
Characteristics
of Economic Markets
|
Perfect Competition
|
Monopolistic Competition
|
Oligopoly
|
Monopoly
|
Numbers of Firms
|
Many independent
firms. None able to control the market.
|
Many firms providing
similar goods and services.
|
A few large firms
providing similar goods and services.
|
A single large firm.
|
Control Over Price
|
None. Market determines price.
|
Influence limited by
the availability of substitutes.
|
Often influenced by «price
leader».
|
Much control.
|
Product Differentiation
|
None. Products
uniform and equal quality.
|
Products and services
differentiated to meet the needs of specific markets.
|
Significant for some
products like automobiles. Little for standardized products like gasoline.
|
None.
|
Ease of Entry
|
Relatively easy to
enter or leave the market
|
Relatively easy to
enter or leave the market
|
Difficult. Often
requires large capital investment.
|
Very difficult.
|
III. Grammar Exercises
6. Write down the following verbs in the
form of Participle II:
to go, to increase, to begin, to buy, to sell, to make,
to play, to write, to bring, to specialize, to operate, to understand, to
expand.
7. Put the words in brackets in the
Passive Voice:
1. Every society (to face) with the identical
problem, the problem of scarcity.
2. The need to chose (to impose) on us all by our
income, wealth and ability to borrow.
3. Individuals and families (to limit) by the size
of their personal income, savings and ability to borrow.
4. In a free market economy, prices (to determine)
by the interaction of the forces of supply and demand.
5. When two goods satisfy similar needs, they (to
describe) as substitutes.
8. Turn the following from Active Voice
into Passive Voice:
1. Profits, savings and borrowing power limit
business firms.
2. Frederick Taylor provided a notable impetus to
industrial management.
3. Keynes wrote many books.
4. The competitive system will determine business
ethics.
5. Great complexity of organization and
administration characterize the operation of large business firms.
6. Two or more persons own a business
organization.
7. Sir Joseph Binks gives Tom a small cheque.
8. They gave Uncle Tom a cheque and a railway
carriage.
9. Translate the following sentences
into Russian paying attention to the functions of Participle II:
1. Salaries refer to earnings paid on a weekly or
monthly basis.
2. The term «wage» typically refers to the
earnings of workers paid by the hour or unit of production.
3. Used in certain ways, wealth can earn income.
4. Natural resources are the things provided by
nature that go into the creation of goods and services.
5. Nearly 90 percent of goods and services
produced in the U.S. each year come from privately owned firms.
6. Shares are traded in organized markets such as
the New York Stock Exchange.
10. Express the following in Russian:
1. The more you know about the subject, the better
career decisions you will be able to make.
2. For their part, entrepreneurs seek as much
profit as they can extract from their operations.
3. As a rule, the more scarce something is the
higher its price will be, and the fewer people will want to buy it.
4. The higher the price, the greater the incentive
to produce and sell the product.
11. Form adjectives with the help of
suffixes:
-al: economic,
nation, production, education, profession.
-able: to change,
to exchange, to read, fashion, mistake.
12. Form adverbs with the help of the
suffix «-ly»:
economical, political, different, rapid, definite,
historical, complete, formal, practical, particular.
13. Read the text and retell the
contents in Russian:
William Gates
Gates, William Henry, III (1955- ), American business
executive, chairman and chief executive officer of the Microsoft Corporation,
born in Seattle, Washington. Gates cofounded Microsoft in 1975 with Paul Allen,
his high school friend and partner in computer language development from 1967.
Fascinated by computers by the age of 12, Gates had been involved with various
programming projects throughout high school. While attending Harvard in 1975,
Gates teamed with Allen to develop a version of the BASIC computer programming
language for the MITS Altair, the first personal computer. This work on BASIC
for the Altair led Gates to drop out of Harvard in 1977 to pursue full-time his
vision of «a computer on every desk and in every home,» the idea behind the
Microsoft Corporation. In the early 1980’s, Gates led Microsoft’s evolution
from a developer of computer programming languages to a diversified computer
software company producing computer operating systems and applications software
as well as programming tools. This transition began with the introduction of
MS-DOS, the operating system for the new IBM Personal Computer in 1981. Gates
took a personal role in convincing other computer companies to standardize on
MS-DOS, fueling computer industry growth in the 1980’s through software
compatibility. Gates also pushed Microsoft toward the introduction of
application software such as the Microsoft Word word processing software for
the IBM-PC. A key strategic move by Gates was to agree to develop application
software for the Apple Macintosh prior to the release of the first Mac in 1984.
This led to a strong position for Microsoft in applications that take advantage
of the graphical user interface (GUI).
Much of Gates’ success rests on his ability to translate
technical visions into market strategy, and to blend creativity with technical
acumen. His willingness to bet on new technologies such as Microsoft Windows,
Windows NT, and workgroup applications has paid off in keeping Microsoft at the
forefront of computer hardware and software evolution.
Unit
6
Grammar:
1. Perfect Tenses.
2. Подчинительные
союзы и союзные слова.
3. Побудительные
предложения.
I. Language Practice
1. Practise the fluent reading and
correct intonation:
Exö cuse
me, (please). ö
Pardon me. `Sorry to ... (in`trude, inter`rupt, inter`fere). `Look (ö
here!) I say... (Say). `Just a ö minute! ö Hi! ö Hey!
ø Yes?
ø
Well? `What ö is
it? `What can I ö
do for you? `What do you ö want? ø What? ö
Sorry! `No `need to be ö sorry. `Sorry to ö
trouble (`bother) you! It’s no ö trouble at ö all. Ex`cuse my
ö
troubling you. `No `trouble at ö `all. I `beg your ö
pardon! `No `pardon ö
needed! I `beg ö
`yours. I `beg your `pardon for `being ö late. `Better ø late
than ö
`never. I must aöpologize.
You ö
needn’t. Why ö
should you? It’s `nothing to ö speak of. It’s `unforögivable!
It’s `unö`pardonable!
2. Listen to the speaker; read and
memorize the following words and phrases:
1.
to distribute - распределять, размещать
2.
to market - продавать, сбывать
3.
equipment - оборудование, оснащение
4.
to shop - делать покупку в магазине
5.
leisure - досуг, свободное время
6.
a retailer - розничный торговец
7.
overhead(s) - накладные расходы
8.
a wholesaler - оптовик, оптовый торговец
9.
quantity - количество
10.
to bypass - обойти
11.
trend - тенденция
12.
to call for - предусматривать
13.
preselling - реклама до поступления в продажу
14.
department store - универсальный магазин
15.
discount stores (houses) - магазины учененных товаров
16.
chain stores [tein] - (амер.) сеть розничных магазинов цепного подчинения
17.
ownership - владение, право собственности
18.
vending machines - торговые автоматы
Text. Distributing the Product
Some products are marketed most effectively by direct
sale from manufacturer to consumer. Among these are durable equipment-for
example, computers, office equipment, industrial machinery and consumer
specialties such as vacuum cleaners. The direct marketing of products such as
cosmetics and household needs is very important.
Direct marketing by mail has been expanded to virtually
all types of products and services. Working people find it easy to shop in
their leisure hours by catalog because catalogs generally contain extensive
product information. For retailers, the use of catalogs makes it possible to do
business considerably beyond their usual trading area and with a minimum of
overhead. Also important are credit cards, which have made it relatively easy
to purchase by mail or telephone even such high-priced items as appliances,
electronic equipment, and cameras. At least half the nation’s 50 leading
corporations have mail-order divisions.
Television is a potent tool in direct marketing because
it facilitates the demonstration of products in use. Also carving its own niche
is telephone marketing, called telemarketing, a technique used in selling to
businesses as well as to consumers. Most consumer products, however, move from
the manufacturer through agents to wholesalers and then to retailers,
ultimately reaching the consumer.
Wholesalers distribute goods in large quantities,
usually to retailers, for resale. Some retail businesses have grown so large,
however, that they have found it more profitable to bypass the wholesaler and
deal directly with the manufacturers or their agents. Wholesalers first
responded to this trend by adapting their operations so that they moved faster
and called for a lower margin of profit.
Retailing has undergone even more change. Intensive preselling by
manufacturers and the development of minimum-service operations, for example,
self-service in department stores, have drastically changed the retailer’s way
of doing business. Supermarkets and discount stores have become commonplace not
only for groceries but for products as diversified as medicines and gardening
equipment. More recently, warehouse retailing has become a major means of
retailing higher-priced consumer goods such as furniture, appliances, and
electronic equipment. Chain stores-groups of stores with one ownership-and
cooperative groups have also proliferated. Special types of retailing, for
example, vending machines and convenience stores, have also developed to fill
multiple needs.
II. Exercises on
the Text:
3. Give Russian equivalents to:
direct sale from manufacturer to consumer; durable
equipment; consumer specialties; household needs; direct marketing by mail;
usual trading area; high-priced items; mail-order divisions; also carving its
own niche; for resale; to call for a lower margin of profit; to undergo even
more change; self-service;have drastically changed; warehouse retailing;
higher-priced consumer goods; to fill multiple needs.
4. Compose the questions, using the
following words:
1.
products, are, what, by direct sale, marketed?
2.
it, who, easy, to shop by catalog, finds’?
3.
have, what, relatively, it, easy, by mail or telephone,
made, to purchase?
4.
leading corporations, have, how many,
mail-order-divisions?
5.
television, why, is, direct marketing, a potent tool,
in?
6.
is, telemarketing, what?
7.
grown, why, so large, some retail business, have?
8.
wholesalers, how, to this trend, did, first, respond?
9.
undergone, even more change, has, retailing?
10.
become, more recently, has, a major means of retailing
higher-priced consumer goods, what?
III. Grammar Exercises
Active
Voice
Perfect Tenses
|
have
|
ParticipleII(V3)
|
Time Markers
|
Present Perfect
|
have (has)
|
built
|
¬¾´¾¾½¾¾®
|
Past Perfect
|
had
|
asked
|
¬¾´¾¾´¾½¾®
|
Future Perfect
|
shall (will) have
|
|
¬¾½¾´¾¾´¾®
|
5. Read the sentences with adverbs of
frequency
I’ve
|
never
|
seen this film.
|
We’ve
|
just
|
taken his book.
|
You’ve
|
often
|
come here.
|
They’ve
|
already
|
done their work.
|
We’ve
|
not yet
|
charged a price.
|
Have you
|
ever
|
been to the Crimea.
|
Read the same in the 3rd person singular.
6. Translate the following sentences
paying attention to the different usage of Perfect Tenses:
1.
Economic monopolies have existed throughout much of
human history.
2.
The success of specialized marketing developments has
caused many older organizations to revise their operating methods.
3.
Keynes’s ideas have profoundly influenced the economic
policies of many governments since World War II.
4.
The Titanic had already gone down when another ship
arrived.
5.
Some passengers had been in the icy water for hours when
they were saved.
6.
When another ship arrived, about 1500 people had already
lost their lives.
7.
Ecological concerns will have affected product design
and marketing.
8.
By the end of the year the company will have signed this
contract.
9.
Who will have finished first?
10.
How much will they have won?
7. A manager went away on business. He
left of things to be done. He is back now. Arrange a conversation between him
and one of his employees. Study the list. Follow the model.
The list of things to be done:
1. Contact the joint-stock company P-A.
2. Send a telex to Lamberton Robotics.
3. Telephone Mr. Green.
4. Sign the contract for the delivery of
equipment.
5. Take the customer’s representatives to the
plant.
6. Take part in the talks with the British
customer.
Model:
A. Have you telephoned Mr. Green?
B. Yes, I have.
A. When did you telephone him?
B. I telephoned him last week.
A. That’s good /fine/ O.K.
Use of the verb «let».
Our teacher never let
us speak Russian at English lessons.
|
= разрешает
|
Let me (us) do it.
Let’s (let us) speak
only English.
Let them know about
it.
Let the cat out.
|
= позвольте
= давайте
= дайте
= выпустите
|
Let them understand
their mistakes.
Let her speak
English.
|
= пусть
|
8. Complete the sentences:
1. Let’s increase...
2. Let me determine...
3. Let me supervise...
4. Let her discuss...
5. Let the wholesalers...
6. Let the small retailers...
9. Translate the following sentences:
1. When he comes to the office he will call the
company.
2. We’ll get in touch with them as soon as the
goods are delivered.
3. We will clear up the point before he leaves.
4. He couldn’t come to the lecture because he was
ill.
5. He walked slowly for he was not in a hurry.
6. As there were no more questions the chairman
thanked the reporter for his interesting report.
7. They thought that the bell had rung.
10. Form nouns with the help of the
suffixes:
-ant: to emigrate,
to dominate, to consult, to participate, to account.
-ese: China,
Japan, Sudan.
- ian|-an: statistics, Russia, America, Hungary, Bulgaria, Brazil.
11. Translate English jokes:
A
famous Hungarian physicist had just finished reading his scientific paper. It
was the first time he had ever made a report in English. After he had finished
an American physicist came up to him.
«Say, in what language did you read your paper?»
«Didn’t you understand that?»
«Well, yes, of course. But why did you put in so many
English words?»
12. Read the text and retell the
contents in Russian
Text.
Territorial and Administrative Division of Government in the United Kingdom
In
Great Britain the county, or shire, is the principal subdivision of the country
for political, administrative, judicial, and other purposes. Counties are used
in England and Wales but have been replaced by other administrative units in
Scotland and Northern Ireland.
Before the Norman Conquest of the 11th century, the
chief unit of local government in England was the shire, which had originated
in the Saxon communities of the 5th century. Each shire was ruled by
an ealdorman (alderman), but after the 11th century his functions
were taken over by the shire-reeve, or sheriff, who was appointed by the king.
By the 14th century a county court, composed of several justices of
the peace, or magistrates, had developed to help the sheriff administer the
county. Over the centuries these crown-appointed magistrates gradually became
the primary administrators of counties. Each county also became the
constituency for the elections of knights of the shire, or county members of
Parliament.
This system of county government, with centrally
appointed justices of the peace holding legislative, judicial, and executive
powers, became inadequate in the 19th century as the suffrage was
extended, government services expanded, and industrial cities continued to
grow. To remedy this undemocratic system, the Local Government Act of 1888
established county councils, with members elected by local residents, to take
over the legislative and executive duties of the magistrates. The act also
replaced the historic counties with new administrative counties, which often
had different boundaries. The act also created about 60 county boroughs; these
were cities that were given county powers in order to better provide local
government services.
The Local Government Act of 1972 reorganized the county
system again; 47 new counties contained all urban as well as rural areas in
their boundaries, and each county was subdivided into several districts, which
numbered almost 300 in all. A British county provides police and fire services,
education, social-welfare services, public transport, traffic regulation,
consumer protection, libraries, and some highways and parks. The county council
is the general governing board of a county; it is a large body, with 50 to 100
popularly elected members, and much of its basic administrative work is
delegated to committees.
Outside the United Kingdom, the system of county
government was adopted, with variations, in most of the countries settled from
Britain. In Canada, however, the county system never became universal; where it
exists, the county councils are generally much smaller than in England. New
Zealand has had county councils since 1876. In Australia the administrative
unit is generally called the shire, though the name county is used for larger
areas.
(From the Encyclopaedia)
Unit
7
Grammar:
1. Participle I (Present Participle Active).
2. Continuous Tenses.
3. Безличные
предложения с местоимением it.
4. Особые случаи
образования множественного числа существительных.
I. Language Practice
1. Practise the fluent reading and
correct intonation:
ø
Well... `Let me ö
see... `Let me ö
think... By the ø way... They ø say... ø
First. `First of ø all... In `my oøpinion... To `my
mind... To `tell the ø truth... I `don’t quite ö
follow you. It’s `not to the ö point. `Keep to the ö
point. `Generally ø speaking... As `far as I ø know... As to ø
me... In ø fact...
The matter ø is
that... In `any ø case... `Go aöhead. On the ø one
hand... On the ø other hand... Above ø all ... Let’s
get down to ... To `sum it ø up... `On the ø whole... `All
in ø
all... `After ø
all... In `short... `That exö plains it. Let’s round ö off.
2. Listen to the speaker; read and
memorize the following words and phrases:
1.
responsibility - ответственность
2.
similar - подобный
3.
speciality [`speclti] - амер. специальность
4.
human - человеческий
5.
issue - вопрос
6.
manufacturing personnel - производственный персонал
7.
schedule [`edju:l]
- инвентарь, график
8.
raw materials - сырье
9.
smoothness - бесперебойность, плавность
10.
assets - средства, фонды
11.
excessive inventories - чрезмерные запасы
12.
sacrificing - недостаточный, убыточный
13.
delivery - поставка
14.
advantage - преимущество
15.
current cost - текущие издержки
Text. Production Management THE
"FIVE M'S"
Operations
management (known in industry as production management) is a responsibility
similar in level and scope to other specialties such as marketing and to human
resource and financial management. In manufacturing operations, production
management includes responsibility for product and process design, planning and
control issues involving capacity and quality, and organization and supervision
of the workforce.
Production management's responsibilities are summarized
by the "five M's": men, machines, methods, materials, and money.
"Men" refers to the human element in operating systems. Since the
vast majority of manufacturing personnel work in the physical production of
goods, "people management" is one of the production manager's most
important responsibilities.
The production manager must also choose the machines and
methods of the company, first selecting the equipment and technology to be used
in the manufacture of the product or service and then planning and controlling
the methods and procedures for their use. The flexibility of the production
process and the ability of workers to adapt to equipment and schedules are
important issues in this phase of production management.
The production manager's responsibility for materials includes
the management of flow processes-both physical (raw materials) and information
(paperwork). The smoothness of resource movement and data flow is determined
largely by the fundamental choices made in the design of the product and in the
process to be used.
The manager's, concern for money is explained by the
importance of financing and asset utilization to most manufacturing
organizations. A manager who allows excessive inventories to build up or
who achieves level production and steady operation by sacrificing good customer
service and timely delivery runs the risk that overinvestment or high current
costs will wipe out any temporary competitive advantage that might have been
obtained.
II. Exercises on
the Text:
3. Give English equivalents to:
подобная по уровню и объему; человеческие ресурсы и
управление финансовой деятельностью; вопросы, включающие производственные
мощности и качество; ответственность за управление произ-водством; подавляющее
большинство; «взаимоотношения с людьми»; методы и действия для их
использования; гиб-кость производственного процесса; как физические, так и
информационные; плавность движения ресурсов и посту-пления данных; временное
конкурентное преимущество.
4. Answer the following questions:
1.
What is operations management?
2.
What does production management include in manufacturing
operations?
3.
What are the «five M’s»?
4.
Why is «people management» one of the production
manager’s most important responsibilities?
5.
How must the production manager choose the machines and
methods of the company?
6.
In what phase of production management the flexibility
of the production process is an important issue?
7.
What does the production manager’s responsibility for
materials include?
8.
How is the manager’s concern for money explained?
9.
What manager runs the risk?
10.
Will high current costs wipe out any temporary
competitive advantage?
III. Grammar Exercises
|
|
|
ing
— forms
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
noun
|
adjective
|
gerund
|
participle
I
|
(pricing)
|
(managing)
|
(delivering)
|
(smb.
working)
|
Active
Voice
Continuous Tenses
(Progressive)
|
be
|
Participle I
(verb + ing)
|
Time Markers
|
Present Continuous
|
am, is, are
|
building
|
¬¾¾¾Ì½É¾¾¾®
|
Past Continuous
|
was, were
|
asking
|
¬¾Ä¾¾½¾¾®
¬¾8¾½¾®
|
Future Continuous
|
shall (will) be
|
|
¬¾¾¾½¾¾Ä®
¬¾8¾½¾®
|
5. Write down the following verbs in the
form of Participle I.
1. to manage, to know, to include, to involve, to refer,
to operate, to work, to select, to control, to plan, to determine, to explain,
to finance, to get, to study, to write, to persuade, to increase, to die.
6. Translate the following sentences
into Russian paying attention to the functions of Participle I:
1.
Marketing concentrates primarily on the buyers, or
consumers, determining their needs and desires, educating them, developing
strategies to persuade them to buy.
2.
For retailers, the use of catalogs makes it possible to
do business considerably beyond their usual trading area.
3.
The whole month I was working hard. We were auditing
accounts of a joint venture.
4.
The State Tax Service in Russia is a new organization
but its role is becoming very important because more and more new businesses
are appearing in the country.
5.
The majority of corporations are small, differing little
in their characteristics from other forms of business.
6.
An Italian delegation arrived yesterday. At 9 we were
meeting the delegation at the airport, at 12 we were having lunch, at 2 we were
discussing the contract.
7.
Those who interpret the voting incorrectly, producing
too much or too little, or charging a price that is too low, do not earn
profits.
8.
At least half the nation’s 50 leading corporations have
mail-order divisions.
9.
You phoned at 9.15, didn’t you? We were discussing our
business plan at that time.
10.
Also carving its own niche is telephone marketing.
sunny rainy frosty
cloudy
and hot and foggy and
snowy and windy
7. Look at the pictures. Ask and answer
the question as in the model:
Model: A.
What’s the weather like today?
B. It’s hot and dry.
8. Read the dialogue and make up your
own dialogue:
A. Look, Ann, is it cold outside?
B. I think it’s not cold. It’s warm.
A. What’s the temperature today?
B. It’s 4 below zero.
A. Let’s go to the scating-ring.
B. I’m sorry, I’m busy.
A. What a pity!
Образование множественного числа существительных
греческого и латинского происхождения.
Единственное число
|
Множественное число
|
datum[`deitcm]
|
данная величина
|
data
[`deitc]
|
addendum[c`dendcm]
|
добавление
|
addenda
[c`dendc]
|
erratum[i`reitcm]
|
ошибка (опечатка)
|
errata
[i`reitc]
|
memorandum
[memc`r
ndcm]
|
меморандум
|
memoranda
[memc`r
ndc]
|
phenomenon[fi`n]mincn]
|
явление
|
phenomena
[fi`n]minc]
|
criterion[krai`ticricn]
|
критерий
|
criteria
[krai`ticric]
|
basis[`beisis]
|
базис
|
bases
[`beisi:z]
|
crisis[`kraisis]
|
кризис
|
crises
[`kraisi:z]
|
analysis[c`n
lisis]
|
анализ
|
analyses
[c`n lisi:z]
|
thesis[`i:sis]
|
диссертация
|
theses
[`i:si:z]
|
stimulus[`stimjulcs]
|
стимул
|
stimuli
[`stimjulai]
|
index[`indcks]
|
индекс,
|
indexes
[`indckscs]
|
|
указатель
|
indices
[`indisi:z]
|
apparatus[cpc`reitcs]
|
аппарат
|
apparatus
[cpc`reitcs]
|
9. Read the text and retell it in
Russian:
Science and Technology in Britain
Since the first artificial splitting of the atom at
Cambridge, in 1932, by Sir John Cockcroft and Dr. E. T. S. Walton, Britain's
nuclear scientists have made continuous progress in harnessing atomic energy.
Today eight commercial nuclear power stations are supplying electricity for
factories and homes and others are being built. Some of Britain's top
scientists are engaged in space research on projects such as upper atmosphere
probes with British-built rockets at Woomera, Australia, and inwork on satellite
communications. Others are making vital discoveries in the laboratory into the
very nature of life itself.
Britain is pre-eminent in radio astronomy and in many
fields of electronics including miniaturisation. one of the most important
factors in the electronics revolution, and in radar for marine and aviation
purposes. Much basic work was done in Britain on electronic computers. British
advances in medicine include penicillin and other antibiotics, such as
cephalosporins, heart-lung machines, a new anti-viral agent, Interferon, of
great potential value and many other important developments in the treatment of
disease.
British contributions to science include many great
discoveries linked with famous names - Sir Isaac Newton (theory of gravitation),
Robert Boyle ("the father of modern chemistry"), Michael Faraday
(whose discoveries gave rise to the electrical industry), and Henry Cavendish
(properties of hydrogen). In the present century - J. J. Thomson, Lord
Rutherford and Sir James Chadwick (basic work on nuclear science), Gowland
Hopkins (the existence of vitamins), Sir William Bragg (X-ray analysis), and
many others. Medicine owes much to such pioneers as William Harvey (circulation
of the blood), Edward Jenner (vaccination), Joseph Lister (antiseptics). Sir
Ronald Ross (who proved the relation between malaria and mosquitoes).
Since 1945 there have been 27 British scientists who
have received international recognition for their work by gaining Nobel awards.
There are over 200 learned scientific societies in Britain. In ten years
Britain has doubled her total number of qualified scientists.
10. Translate English jokes:
Which of You Three?
A. - Hallo? Is that Ted Wells?
B. - Yes. Who is speaking?
A. - Sam.
B. - Who? I don’t hear.
A. - I say Sam: Sid, Ada, Mary. Do you hear?
B. - Yes, I do. But which of three is speaking?
¾ T T T
¾
Mother: Well, what is Mary doing?
Jane: Well, if the ice is as thick as she thinks, she
is skating, but if the ice is as thin as I think, she is swimming.
Unit
8
Grammar:
1. Правила согласования времен. Косвенная речь.
2. Future-in-the-Past.
3. Бессоюзные
определительные предложения.
4. This-these,
that-those как заменители ранее стоящего существительного.
I. Language
Practice
1. Practise the fluent reading and
correct intonation:
`Are
you `going to the ø shop?
ö Yes,
I ö am. ö No,
I am ö not.
`Are
you `waiting for a ø taxi or for a ö bus.
I
am `waiting for a ö
bus.
`What
are you ö
doing?
I
am `reading a ö
magazine.
`What
`magazine are you ö
reading?
I
am `reading an `English ö magazine.
`Where
are you ö
going?
I
am `going to the ö
theatre.
`Who
is `going to the theatre ö with you?
My
`friend ö is.
`Why
are you sitting ö
here?
I’m
`sitting ö
because I’m ö
tired.
`What
were you `doing when I `came ö in?
I
was `looking for my `new ö slides.
2. Listen to the speaker; read and
memorize the following words and phrases:
1.
hardware store - магазин скобяных товаров
2.
sophomore [`s]fcm]:] - студент-второкурсник
3.
stock - склад
4.
job market - рынок труда
5.
supervisor - контролер
6.
employee [/empl]i`i:]
- служащий
7.
inventory - инвентаризация
8.
skill - умение, практический опыт
9.
to hint - намекать
10.
establish - основывать
11.
loan - кредит
12.
labor coast - издержки на оплату рабочей силы
13.
in the long run - впоследствии
14.
promotion - продвижение по службе
15.
incentive - стимул
Text
A. How Competition Benefits Us All.
In a competitive market, producers constantly strive to
reduce their production costs as a way to increase profits. The increased
efficiency that allows them to reduce their costs also enables producers to sell
their goods at a lower price. Thus, by promoting efficiency, competition leads
to lower prices.
Competition also motivates producers to improve the
quality and increase the variety of goods and services. Consumers soon learn
which brand offers the best value, and that firm will earn greater profits than
its competitors. Similarly, producers in a competitive market must constantly
look for new and attractive goods and services to win a larger share of the
market.
As firms compete for consumer’s dollar in a market,
their efforts lead to the production of a variety of better-quality products at
the lowest possible prices. And since we are all consumers, it follows that
competition benefits us all.
Text B. Competition in Many
Markets: An Example.
On weekends during the school year and in the summer,
David Scott works in a small local hardware store. When he began his job, as a
sophomore, he was a stock clerk, and he thought himself lucky to have any job.
Each year there had been a lot of competition for jobs in his city, especially
in May and June when college students entered the local job market. In the
spring of his senior year David decided to be more selective about where he
worked and how much he earned. He decided to ask his boss for a raise to become
a supervisor of the younger employees at the store.
He told his boss that since he learned the
computer-assisted inventory and ordering system and other special skills he was
more valuable, and should be paid accordingly. He hinted that he might seek
employment elsewhere. Another store in town was advertising for someone with
his skills.
David’s boss, Jay Richards, the entrepreneur who had
established the small hardware store two years earlier, faced competition every
day. Since starting his business, he had been in competition with other buyers
and sellers in the marketplace. He competed with other buyers when he purchased
the land for his store. He competed with other borrowers when he applied for
his bank loan. He competed every week for the best deals on the goods he bought
from his wholesalers. Jay knew that he also had to compete for customers with
other hardware stores.
One of his major expenses was labor. He had to keep his
labor costs down to meet his other expenses and earn a profit. He knew that
David would cost him more, but he decided to pay him the higher wage because
David had acquired skills that made him more productive. Jay reasoned that
David’s experience and knowledge would help the business to save money in the
long run.
Supply and Demand.
David was also free to sell his labor somewhere else. He
could have competed with others for another job. From the newspaper ad he knew
at least one other job was available. Maybe there were others. He wasn’t sure.
He also wasn’t sure about the supply of other workers with his skills. He
wondered whether he would get the raise and promotion if there were lots of
people who could do the job.
David’s boss was also free to interview and hire other
workers. In their own ways David and Jay were both trying to get what each
thought would be best. They were competing.
Profit Motive and Competition.
Competition drives Jay Richards to do what he can to
reduce costs and increase sales in order to increase profits. Of course, his
competitors will be doing this too. They also want to earn the greatest
profits. The profit motive (the efforts to maximize profits) is free
enterprise’s most important incentive.
II. Exercises on
the Text:
3. Text A. Give English equivalents to:
производители пытаются сократить издержки производства;
дает возможность производителям продавать свои товары; путем повышения
эффективности; конкуренция побуждает производителей; эта фирма получит большую
прибыль; искать новые и привлекательные товары и услуги; конкуренция приносит
пользу всем нам.
4. Text B. Ask questions for these
answers (work in pairs):
1.
David Scott usually works on weekends during the school
year in summer.
2.
He was a stock clerk.
3.
It was in May and June because college students entered
the local job market.
4.
He was going to become a supervisor of the younger
employees at the store.
5.
He learned the computer-assisted inventory and ordering
system and other special things.
6.
Another store in town was advertising for someone with
his skills.
7.
He had established the small hardware store two years
earlier.
8.
He had been in competition with other buyers and
sellers.
9.
When he purchased the land for his store.
10.
Yes, he did. He competed with other borrowers.
11.
Yes, he did. He knew that he also had to compete for
customers.
12.
Because David had acquired skills that made him more
productive.
5. Combine the words into sentences.
Translate them into Russian.
1.
could, his labor, David, else, sell, somewhere.
2.
one other job, knew, from the newspaper ad, he, was
available, at least.
3.
who, there, many people, were, the same job, do, could.
4.
entrepreneurs, always, and, competing, employees, are.
5.
wanted, to reduce, in order to increase, Jay Richards,
costs, and, profits, increase sales.
6.
incentive, the profit motive, most important, is free,
enterprise’s.
III. Grammar
Exercises
1.
I hope your friend will come and see us on Sunday.
2.
I hoped...
3.
This statistician thinks he will get the latest data.
4.
This statistician thought...
5.
My friend is sure his profession is better than mine.
6.
My friend was sure...
7.
I think they televise international economic events.
8.
I thought...
9.
The manager believes that the work was done thoroughly.
10.
The manager believed ... and so he didn’t check it
himself.
11.
Mother was sure that her son made good progress at the
institute.
12.
Mother was sure ... since the holiday.
13.
We are afraid the firm won’t earn great profits.
14.
We were afraid...
15.
I am happy they call me up now and then.
16.
I was happy...
7. Translate the following sentences
paying attention to the Sequence of Tenses:
1.
I asked Mr. Olegov where he lived.
2.
He said that he lived in Moscow.
3.
He told me that he worked at a large plant and described
where the plant was.
4.
I told him that I knew the plant because I had worked
there for about two years.
5.
I said that I didn’t work there any longer because I was
studying at the Institute of Finance and Economics.
6.
Mr. Olegov asked me if I knew the economists working at
the plant.
7.
I told him that I knew most of them.
8.
He told me that the plant had greatly increased its
production and was producing almost three times more goods than four years ago.
9.
The other day the manager was asked if he would
introduce the new machine constructed by one of the workers with the help of
the engineers.
10.
He answered that he would do it as soon as the tests
were completed.
Indirect Speech.
|
|
Indefinite
|
Continuous
|
Perfect
|
Prefect Continuous
|
|
|
Главное предло-жение
|
write
пишет (вообще)
|
am
writing пишет (сейчас)
|
have
written
написал (уже)
|
have
been writing
пишет
(уже
сейчас)
|
Present
|
|
|
¯
|
¯
|
¯
|
¯
|
|
Past
|
He said (that)
|
wrote
пишет
|
was
writing
писал (вчера в 7
часов)
|
had
written
написал вчера к 7
часам)
|
had
been writing
писал (вчера уже 3
часа, когда...)
|
Past
|
|
|
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾®
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾®
|
|
|
Он сказал (что)
|
shall/will
write
напишет
(завтра)
|
will
be writing
будет писать (завтра
в 7 часов)
|
will
have written
напишет (завтра к 7
часам)
|
will
have been
writing будет писать (завтра
уже 3 часа, когда...)
|
Future
|
|
|
¯
|
¯
|
¯
|
¯
|
|
|
|
would
write
|
would be writing
|
would have written
|
would have been
writing
|
Future-in-the-Past
|
При
обращении прямой речи в косвенную происходит следующая замена наречий места,
времени и указательных местоимений.
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
now
|
сейчас
|
then
|
тогда
|
here
|
здесь
|
there
|
там
|
this,
these
|
это, этот, эти
|
that/those
|
тот, то, те
|
today
|
сегодня
|
that
day
|
в этот день
|
tomorrow
|
завтра
|
(the)
next day, the following day
|
на следующий день
|
yesterday
|
вчера
|
the
day before, the previous day
|
накануне
|
next
week/year
|
на следующей
неделе/на будущий год
|
the
next week/ year
|
на следующей неделе/в
следующем году
|
last
week
|
на прошлой неделе
|
the
previous week
|
за неделю до
|
last
year
|
в прошлом году
|
the
year before
|
за год до
|
Special Questions
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
He
asks me, «Where do you live?»
|
He
asks (me) where I live.
|
He
asked her, «Where does your father work?»
|
He
asked her where her father worked.
|
He
asked me, «Where did your father work?»
|
He
asked me where my father had worked.
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
He
asks me, «Are you a worker?»
|
He
asks me if I am a worker.
|
He
asked me, «Are you a worker?»
|
He
asked (me) if I was a worker.
|
He
asked her, «Were you a student?»
|
He
asked (her) if she had been a student.
|
8. Put the verbs in brackets into their
correct forms:
1. I thought that you (to arrive) at some
decision.
2. I believed that a long-term loan (to be)
absolutely necessary for that program.
3. I didn’t know if you (to apply) for this job.
4. They said they (to work) seven hours a day.
5. Did he say that there (to be) a lot of problems
with this agreement?
6. The manager said that we (to need) to reduce
the amount of corporate income tax.
9. Change the direct speech into
indirect speech:
1. The manager asked, «Does this project require
long term financing?»
2. The director asked, «Are we repaying debts in
due time?»
3. He asked, «Did this debt carry interest?»
4. The head of the company asked the Board of
Directors, «Are we able to repay the loan?»
5. The manager asked the customer, «Can you wait a
little longer?»
6. The customer asked, «Were the terms specified in
any agreement?»
10. Translate the following sentences:
1. Markets provide a kind of economic polling
booth for buyers to cost their votes for the goods and services they want.
2. Promotion is a key part of marketing because it
is the way business get their messages to consumers.
3. Economists focus on the way in which
individuals, groups, enterprises and governments seek to achieve efficiently
any economic objective they select.
4. Let’s suppose that you recently managed to save
enough to buy the CD player you always wanted.
11. Translate the sentences:
1. The railways of Russia are much longer than
those of England.
2. The climate of the Crimea is warmer then that
of the Ural.
3. Our resources of oil are greater than those of
Poland.
4. The rivers in the West of our country are not
so long as those in the Eastern part.
12. Translate the following. Try to
understand the meaning of suffixes:
Example: watch (N) - watchful (A)
наблюдение -
наблюдательный
life (N) - lifeless (A)
жизнь - безжизненный
1.
a sleepless night; 2. moonless night; 3. childless family; 4. helpless people; 5.
wonderful evening; 6. a starless black sky; 7. a watchful man; 8. landless
farmers; 9. a jobless man; 10. a powerful monopoly; 11. a hopeful project; 12.
a painful problem.
13. Translate English jokes.
The young candidate for admission to the navy was being
given a test to determine his general education. One of the questions puts to
him was: «What kind of animals eat grass?» The young man fidgeted and looked
out of the window, but apparently could think of no answer.
«Come, come», said the admiral who was examining him,
«Surely, you can answer a simple question like that: what kinds of animals eat
grass?»
The boy brightened up. «Animals!» he exclaimed, «I
thought you said admirals.»
Unit
9
Grammar:
1. Passive Voice.
2. Пассивные
конструкции характерные для английского языка.
3. Формы
инфинитива.
I. Language
Practice
1. Practise the fluent reading and
correct intonation:
—
Helölo,
Tom!
—
Helølo,
Nick ö.
Here you ø are
at last. `What have you been doing ö all this `time?
—
You ö see.
I’ve been `awfully ø busy `all this ö week. I’ve `got
a ö new
job.
—
`What `sort of ö
job?
—
I’m an `assistant at a ö lab.
—
,Congratuö`lations,
old ø
chap! The `work must be very ö interesting.
—
Oh ö yes,
it ö is.
—
`What is the ö
`salary?
—
The ø same
as `that of `all the ö other assistants. `Quite enough to ø live
on and to ö put
by a little.
2. Read and translate. Mind stress and
pronunciation in the following nouns and verbs.
export import progress record
transport
`expo:t
n `impo:t n `proulres n `reko:d
n `tr nspo:t n
eks`po:t
v im`po:t v prc`gres v
ri`ko:d v tr ns`po:t v
conflict increase outlay produce
retail
`k]nflikt n `inkri:s
n `autlei n `pr]dju:s n `ri:teil n
kcn`flikt v in`kri:s v
aut`lei v prc`dju:s v ri:`teil v
3. Listen to the speaker; read and
memorize the following words and phrases:
1.
partnership - компания, товарищество
2.
common law - общее право
3.
civil law - гражданское право
4.
to be entitled - иметь право
5.
to provide - предусматривать
6.
dormant partner - пассивный партнер
7.
to be liable for smb’s debts - нести ответственность за
чьи-либо долги
8.
obligations - обязательство
9.
incur - нести, навлекать на себя что-либо
10.
to invisage [in`vizi®] - рассматривать
11.
shareholder - акционер
12.
board of directors - правление директоров
13.
regime [rei`¥i:m] - зд. система правления
14.
managing director - директор-распорядитель
15.
to authorize - уполномачивать
16.
to appoint - назначать
17.
general supervision - общий надзор
18.
issue - выпуск
19.
share - акция
20.
bond - облигация
21.
borrowing - заем
22.
executing officer - управляющий делами
23.
treasurer - амер. заведующий
24.
to confide to - поручать кому-либо
25.
remuneration - оплата, заработная плата
26.
to dismiss - увольнять
27.
to vest powers - наделять полномочиями
Text.
Management and Control of Companies
The simplest form of management is the partnership. In
Anglo-American common-law and European civil-law countries, every partner is
entitled to take part in the management of the firm's business, unless he is a
limited partner; however, a partnership agreement may provide that an ordinary
partner shall not participate in management, in which case he is a dormant partner
but is still personally liable for the debts and obligations incurred by the
other managing partners.
The management structure of companies or corporations is
more complex. The simplest is that envisaged by English, Belgian, Italian, and
Scandinavian law, by which the shareholders of the company periodically elect a
board of directors who collectively manage the company's affairs and reach
decisions by a majority vote. Under this regime it is common for a managing
director (directeur général, direttore generale) to be
appointed, often with one or more assistant managing directors, and for the
board of directors to authorize them to enter into all transactions needed for
carrying on the company's business, subject only to the general supervision of
the board and to its approval of particularly important measures, such as
issuing shares or bonds or borrowing. The U.S. system is a development of this
basic pattern. By the laws of most states it is obligatory for the board of
directors elected periodically by the shareholders to appoint certain executive
officers, such as the president, vice president, treasurer, and secretary. The
latter two have no management powers and fulfill the administrative functions
that in an English company are the concern of its secretary; but the president
and in his absence the vice president have by law or by delegation from the
board of directors the same full powers of day-to-day management as are
exercised in practice by an English managing director.
The most complex management structures are those
provided for public companies under German and French law. The management of
private companies under these systems is confided to one or more managers (gérants,
Geschäftsführer) who have the same powers as managing directors.
In the case of public companies, however, German law imposes a two-tier
structure, the lower tier consisting of a supervisory committee (Aufsichtsrat)
whose members are elected periodically by the shareholders and the employees of
the company in the proportion of two-thirds shareholder representatives and
one-third employee representatives (except in the case of mining and steel
companies where shareholders and employees are equally represented) and the
upper tier consisting of a management board (Vorstand) comprising one or
more persons appointed by the supervisory committee but not from its own
number. The affairs of the company are managed by the management board, subject
to the supervision of the supervisory committee, to which it must report
periodically and which can at any time require information or explanations. The
supervisory committee is forbidden to undertake the management of the company
itself, but the company's constitution may require its approval for particular
transactions, such as borrowing or the establishment of branches overseas, and
by law it is the supervisory committee that fixes the remuneration of the
managers and has power to dismiss them.
The French management structure for public companies
offers two alternatives. Unless the company's constitution otherwise provides,
the shareholders periodically elect a board of directors (conseil
d'administration), which "is vested with the widest powers to act on
behalf of the company" but which is also required to elect a president
from its members who "undertakes on his own responsibility the general
management of the company," so that in fact the board of directors'
functions are reduced to supervising him. The similarity to the German pattern
is obvious.
Dutch and Italian public companies tend to follow the
German pattern of management, although it is not expressly sanctioned by the
law of those countries. The Dutch commissarissen and the Italian sindaci,
appointed by the shareholders, have taken over the task of supervising the
directors and reporting on the wisdom and efficiency of their management to the
shareholders.
II. Exercises on
the Text:
4. Give Russian equivalents to:
every partner is entitled to take part in; a partnership
agreement may provide; he is a dormant partner; personally liable for debs and
obligations; who collectively manage the company’s affairs; by a majority vote;
under this regime; to enter into all transactions; approval of particular
important measures; issuing shares or bonds; by the law of most states; to
appoint certain executive officers; to fulfill the administrative functions;
the same full powers of day-to-day management;
the management of private companies; in the case of
public companies; a two-tier structure; supervisory committee; two-third
shareholder representatives and employees; the affairs of the company; which
can require information or explanations; to forbid to undertake the management;
approval for particular transactions; establishment of branches overseas; to
fix remuneration ; to offer two alternatives; on behalt of the company; the
similarity is obvious; it is not expressly sanctioned by the law; reporting on the
wisdom and efficiency.
5. Ask questions for these answers (work
in pairs):
1.
Every partner is entitled to take part in the management
of the firm’s business.
2.
The management structure of companies or corporations is
more complex.
3.
The company periodically elects a board of directors.
4.
They reach decisions by a majority vote.
5.
Particularly important measures are issuing shares or
bonds or borrowing.
6.
Yes, it is. The U.S. system is a development of this
basic pattern.
7.
The board of directors appoints certain executive
officers.
8.
The treasurer and secretary fulfill the administrative
functions.
9.
The most complex management structures are in Germany
and France.
10.
It is confided to one or more managers.
11.
German law imposes a two-tier structure in the case of
public companies.
12.
The affairs of the company are managed by the management
board.
13.
It must report to the supervisory committee.
14.
The supervisory committee is forbidden to undertake the
management of the company itself.
15.
It fixes the remuneration of the managers.
16.
The French management structure offers two alternatives.
17.
Yes, it is. A board of directors «is vested with the
widest powers to act on behalt of the company».
18.
The board of director’s functions are reduced to
supervising the company.
19.
They have taken over the task of supervising the
directors.
6. Read, translate and analyze the
scheme:
Organization of a Corporation
|
Stockholders
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Board of Directors
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
President
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Vice President
|
|
Vice President
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Department Head
|
|
Department Head
|
|
Department Head
|
|
Department Head
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
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|
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|
|
Employees
|
|
Employees
|
|
Employees
|
|
Employees
|
III. Grammar Exercises
Formation of the Passive Tense Forms
|
Present
|
Past
|
Indefinite
|
I
am ü
He
is ý
invited
We
areþ
|
I
was ü
He
was ý
invited
We
wereþ
|
Continuous
|
I
am ü
He
is ý
being
We
areþ
invited
|
I
was ü
He
was ý
being
We
were þ
invited
|
Perfect
|
I
have ü
He
has ý
been
We
have þinvited
|
I
ü
He
ý
had been
We
þ
invited
|
Perfect Continuous
|
---------------
|
------------------
|
|
Future
|
Future in the Past
|
Indefinite
|
I
shall/will ü
He
will ý
be invited
We shall/will þ
|
I
should/would ü
He
would ý
be invited
We should/would þ
|
Continuous
|
------------------
|
-------------------
|
Perfect
|
I
shall/will ü
He
will ý
have been
We shall/will þ
invited
|
I
should/would ü
He
would ý
have been
We should/would þ
invited
|
Perfect Continuous
|
_____
|
_____
|
7. State the tense and voice form of the
verbs:
can be divided; are owned; will be used; was provided;
has been expanded; is made; might have been obtained; shall be asked; is being
done; have been translated; should be called; were being built; was followed;
had been closed; will have been helped; would have been called.
8. Translate the sentences into Russian:
1. Don’t put on that funny hat. You will be laughed at.
2. I hope my work will be approved of. 3. Our professor is always attentively
listened to. 4. In producing these things the new synthetic material has been
made use of. 5. His words were not taken notice of. 6. Will the results of our
work be referred to by? 7. The proposal was objected to by. 8. She has always
been well spoken of. 9. All the new data have been looked through with great
attention. 10. Where have you been? You have been looked for everywhere.
9. Give the corresponding passive
construction:
1. They will insist on your arrival. 2. They told us
very interesting news. 3. They do not allow people to own this plot of land. 4.
They asked me to take part in this conference, but I refused. 5. This boy told
a lie once, therefore nobody believes him now. 6. They speak much of every new
achievement in computer programmes. 7. I don’t think you pay much attention to
the obligations of your company. 8. Nobody wondered at the excellent results of
this business enterprise. 9. Have you sent for the managing director? 10. They
gave us all necessary information. 11. I looked for the warranty card
everywhere, but I could not find it anywhere. 12. This executive officer took
great care of the advertising of their products.
10. Translate the following into
Russian:
1.
Since the beginning of that extraordinary era of
economic progress ushered in by the Industrial Revolution, old ways of conducting
business have been modified, and new forms of business organization have been
introduced.
2.
Unless an activity is specifically prohibited by law, no
line of business is closed to an owner.
3.
Unless a limited partnership has been established, all
parties equally share the burden of loss and debts.
4.
Some products are marketed most effectively by direct
sale from manufacturer to consumer.
5.
Simple transactions are completed by clerks.
6.
Displays must be supplied and set up, and cooperative
advertising programs may be worked out.
7.
Store clerks should be trained in a knowledge of the
manufacturer’s products.
8.
The production plan must be made to meet fluctuating
market demands.
9.
Workers must be hired, trained, and assigned in
synchronization with the changing production processes and schedules.
10.
Commodity analysis studies the ways in which a product
or product group is brought to market.
Forms
of the Infinitive
|
Active
|
Passive
|
Indefinite
|
to ask — спрашивать
(V0)
|
to be asked — быть
опрошен-ным (спрашиваемым)
(to
be + V3)
|
Continuous
|
to
be asking — спрашивать
(to
be + V-ing)
|
__________
|
Perfect
|
to have asked — (уже)
спросить (в прошлом)
(to
have + V3)
|
to have been asked —
быть (уже) спрошенным (в прош-лом)
(To
have been + V3)
|
Perfect Continuous
|
to
have been asking — спросить
(to
have been + V-ing)
|
__________
|
11. Define the form of the Infinitive:
to manage; to be informed; to have been over; to be
improving; to have been entering; to be investigated; must be raining; shall
discuss; to have been taken.
12. a) Form verbs using the suffix -en:
wide, deep, broad, strength, length, sharp, moist.
b) Form verbs from the following nouns
using the suffix -ize:
victim, sympathy, patron, character, organ.
c) Form nouns from the following nouns
and adjectives using the suffix -ism:
race, communist, capital, social, feudal, nominal.
13. Read the text and retell it in
Russian:
Paul Samuelson (1915-) And Milton Friedman (1912-)
Two Views of the Proper Role of Government in the Economy
Paul Samuelson and Milton Friedman are two of America's
most distinguished economists. In recognition of their achievements, Samuelson
was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1970 and Friedman in 1976. Both
spent most of their professional lives on the faculty of major universities
(Samuelson at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Friedman at the
University of Chicago). Given their similarities, one would think that the two
would also hold similar views on economic issues. Nothing could be further from
the truth. And, some of their sharpest differences center on the question of
what ought to be the proper role of government in the economy.
Classical economists in the tradition of Adam Smith had
long recognized the need for government to provide goods and services that
would not or could not be provided by the private sector (like national
defense). But they urged that this participation be kept to a minimum.
But Samuelson argued that too many of the problems the
classical economists wanted to leave to the marketplace were not subject to its
influence. These externalities, affecting things like public health, education,
and environmental pollution, were not subject to the laws of supply and demand.
Consequently, it was up to government to establish goals for the economy and
use its powers to achieve them.
Milton Friedman sees things differently. Like the
classical economists of old, he regards supply and demand as the most powerful
and potentially beneficial economic forces. The best that government can do to
help the economy, in Friedman's view, is to keep its hands off business and
allow the market to "do its thing." The minimum wage laws are a case
in point. Whereas Samuelson endorses minimum wage laws as a means of helping
workers at the bottom of the income ladder, Friedman would argue that by adding
to unemployment, they harm the very people they were designed to help. That is,
he explains, by increasing labor costs, minimum wage laws make it too expensive
for many firms to hire low-wage workers. As a result, those who might otherwise
be employed are laid off.
On the one hand, Samuelson endorses the concept of
government-sponsored programs such as public housing and food stamps as a means
of reducing poverty. Friedman, on the other hand, would prefer to give the poor
additional income and allow them to use the funds to solve their problems
without government interference. To apply this concept, Friedman suggested the
"negative income tax." The graduated income tax takes an increasing
amount in taxes as one's income rises. The negative income tax would apply a
sliding scale of payments to those whose income from work fell below a stated
minimum.
Unit
10
Grammar:
1. Функции инфинитива.
2. Инфинитив в
функции определения и обстоятельства.
I. Language
Practice
1. Practise the fluent reading and
correct intonation:
Asking
the Way.
—
Exöcuseøme,
`can you `tell me the `way to Tra`falgar ø Square?
—ö
Certainly. `Go `down ö Regent ø Street | into ö
Piccadilly ø
Circus | and `then `go `down the ö Haymarket.
—
Exöcuse
me, ø sir,
| but `would you `tell me where ø Hyde ö Park is?
—
I ö
really have no iødea. I’m ö also a ö stranger here.
You’d `better ask the poölicemen over ø there. ö
He’ll give you `all the infor`mation you ö want.
—
`Would you `mind ø telling me `how I can `get best from ø here
to `Hyde ö
Park?
—
ö Oh,
| that’s a ø
pretty `long ö way
from here. Go as `far as the ø next corner | and `wait for a `bus with
ø
«Hyde ö
Park» on it.
—
Exöcuse ø me,
| `can you `tell me the `way to ø Hyde ö Park?
—
ö
Certainly. It’s about `fifteen `minutes’ run by `bus ö 9 from here. If
you `tell the conøductor, | he’ll `put you ö down there.
—
`One ö
moment, ø sir.
`Can I `get to `Hyde `Park by the ø Underøground?
—
ö
Sure. `Take the ø Underøground | from ö
Mansion, House.
—
Exöcuse ø me,
| `am I right for ø
Farringdon ø
Road?
—
No, madam. You are `going the ö wrong ø way. In ø
fact, | in the opposite diörection.
—
No. You’ll `have to `go ö back to the `bottom of `this ö
road, | take the ø first `turning on your ø left (`turn to
the ø
left), and `walk ø straight ø on as `far as the `third ö
cross-to-ads. You `can’t `possibly ö miss it.
2. Listen to the speaker; read and
memorize the following words and phrases:
1.
to survive - выжить
2.
internal funds - внутренние средства
3.
expenses - расходы
4.
depreciation - амортизация
5.
replacing assets - замененные средства
6.
wear out - изнашивать
7.
retained earnings - нераспределенная прибыль
8.
external funds - внешние средства
9.
to borrow - брать взаймы
10.
proprietorship - собственность
Text.
The Sources of Business Funds
In many ways, money is to business what water is to plants. Plants need
water to begin life, to survive and to grow. Similarly, firms need money to
begin operations, to meet their day-to-day expenses and to expand. Most of the
money used by business comes from the sale of its products and services. Since
these funds come from within the firm they are described as internal funds. The
rest must come from outside, or external sources.
Internal Funds. As a firm sells its products or services, it receives money, which it
uses to meet its expenses. One of these expenses, depreciation, represents the
cost of replacing assets (like tools, machinery, and buildings) that wear out.
Typically, businesses use internal funds to cover the cost of depreciation.
The funds that remain after paying expenses are a firm's
profits or earnings. Although the owners or stockholders could take it all for
themselves, in most instances some portion of the profits will be retained by
the business. Since its "retained earnings," along with the sum it
set aside for depreciation came from within the firm, they are known as
internal funds. About 60 to 70 percent of a business firm's financing come from
its internal sources.
External Funds. Sales do not remain constant from one season, or month or week to the
next. There are times when more money comes in to a business than is needed to
pay its bills. Similarly, at other times there is not enough money coming in to
cover operating costs. When this happens, there are only four things that the firm
can do:
· dip into savings,
· borrow,
·
sell shares of stock (if it is a corporation) or seek
additional capital from the owners (if it is a partnership or proprietorship),
· reduce spending.
II. Exercises on
the Text:
3. Give English equivalents to:
во многих случаях; чтобы покрыть каждодневные расходы;
большая часть денег; остальные должны исходить извне; поскольку фирма продает
свою продукцию или услуги; чтобы покрыть издержки за амортизацию; в большинстве
примеров; выделять на амортизацию; они известны как внутренние фонды; бывают
времена; когда это происходит; продать долю в акционерном капитале.
4. Complete as in the text and translate
into Russian:
1. In many ways, money is to business what ... 2. Plants
need water ... 3.Similarly, firms need money ... 4. The rest must come from
outline, or ... 5. As a firm sells its products or services, it receives money
which it uses ... 6. Typically, business use internal funds...7.The funds that
remain after paying expenses are ... 8. About 60 or 70 percent of a business
firm’s financing comes... 9. There are times when more money comes in to a
business than ... 10. Similarly, at other times there is not enough money
coming in ...
5. Sum up what the text says about:
money is to business;
the sources of coming money from;
the usage of internal funds
the four things that the firm can do
III. Grammar Exercises
Подлежащее
|
1.
To answer is not easy
|
Отвечать ...
|
Часть сказуемого
|
2. To
live is to create.
We
are to create
|
... творить
|
Дополнение
|
3.
Science teaches you to create.
|
... творить
|
Определение
|
4.
The work to be done isn’t easy.
|
... которую нужно
сделать ...
|
He
was the first to answer this question.
|
... кто ответил
... ответил
|
Обстоятельство
|
5.
To answer this question you are to know the subject well.
|
Чтобы
ответить ...
Для ответа ...
|
In
order to work here you are to be an experienced specialist
|
Для того, чтобы...
|
6. State the forms and functions of the
infinitive. Translate the following:
1. To complete a journey round the sun requires nearly
29 1/2 years. 2.Steel output is to go up in the next years. 3. To prolong this
discussion is to waste time. 4. I only want to be given my chance. 5. Does this
mean that to think is the same thing as to utter words? 6. This record, one may
assume, is to serve some subsequent purpose. 7. To move in space calls for
quite new concepts of energy. 8. He linked to be looked upon as businessman. 9.
Then an incident occurred to disturb the monotony of life. 10. I have turned
aside to discuss these matters.
7. Translate the following into Russian
paying attention to the Infinitive as an attribute:
1. There is one more phenomenon to be involved into this
solution. 2. The data to be analysed involve knowledge of production
management’s methods. 3. Dalton’s atomic theory was the first to make
successful use of the old Greek theory of atoms in chemistry. 4. The traditional
role of science is to make people healthy and the world a brighter place to
live in. 5. The Sun is the first object to be studied by rocket astronomy. 6.
All the attempts to confirm this suggestion have failed. 7. She gave him a list
of a few books to be read. 8. I was present at an experiment - perhaps, the
thousandth to have taken place.
8. Translate the following into Russian
paying attention to the Infinitive as an adverbal modifier:
1. Laws were not made to be broken, laws were made to
stay within. 2.Sometimes you retreat in order to advance. 3. The foreperson was
too busy to see anyone. 4. He was so weak as to unable to work. 5. The
executives found the problem too difficult to solve. 6. It’s still too early to
speak about the efficiency of this method. 7. In these areas the land is too
unproductive to support a flourishing agricultural population. 8. The results
of voting are enough to generate discussion on the pages of learned
periodicals.
9. Read and translate the dialogue:
Jay Richards is consulting his financial adviser:
Jay: As a matter of fact, I'm thinking of starting an
automobile agency. Could you tell me how I should finance this business?
Adv: Sure, Jay. If you've got some money of your own,
you can operate on a cash basis: no credit given, no money borrowed. But a firm
of this kind is usually a short lived one.
Jay: Shall I get credit from the bank then?
Adv; Not necessarily. You may just as well go to any
insurance company and they will be only glad to help you, or at least they will
try to show it.
Jay: Suppose I get their money to construct a building.
But I'll need a lot more money to pay for the tools and equipment.
Adv: Oh, that's not a problem either. The car
manufacturers will pay for it on a credit basis. And of course, you will get a
loan from the bank to pay other expenses.
Jay: But that will mean a lot of money! How shall I pay
it back?
Adv: Don't worry! The more money you invest the more
rapid the progress you will make. You will certainly have idle money very soon.
But do not let it stay idle. Invest and get profit out of it.
Jay: O.K. Thanks for the advice. I'll call in later for
more details, if you don't mind.
Adv: Of course I don't. I'll be glad to see you any time
of the day.
10. Form abstract nouns with the help of
given suffixes:
1. noun + -age
coin, cover, pilot, parent, pack, percent,
2. noun/adjective + -dom
free, wise, king
3. noun + -hood
neighbour, child, brother, mother
4. adjective + -(i)ty
mortal, electrical, minor, major
5. verb + -al
refuse, propose, arrive, dispose
11. Chose
antonyms:
payment - a).
expense; b). expenditure; c). nonpayment.
agreement - a). disagreement; b). refusal; c). reduction.
employment - a). occupation; b). unemployment; c). freedom.
useful - a).
helpless; b). applied; c). harmful; d). useless.
12. Read the text and retell it in Russian:
Birmingham
Birmingham (England), city, seat of the metropolitan county of West
Midlands, central England. In 1974 the former municipal borough of Sutton
Coldfield was incorporated into the city. A major industrial center, Birmingham
is the second largest city in Great Britain. It is the hub of the British metal
goods industry and is served by a network of railroads and highways. Among the
principal metal products manufactured are motor-vehicle parts, machine tools,
brassware, household utensils, sporting guns, and jewelry. Other important
manufactures include electrical equipment, glass, rubber products, and
chemicals. The city is located in an important coal-mining region.
Birmingham is the seat of the University of Birmingham
(1900), the University of Aston in Birmingham (1895), the University of Central
England in Birmingham (1992, formerly a polytechnic college), and several
technical schools. Cultural facilities include the large Birmingham Museums and
Art Gallery (1867), the Museum of Science and Industry, the City of Birmingham
Symphony Orchestra, and the Birmingham Repertory Theatre (1913). The city's
Municipal Bank (opened 1916) is the only one of its kind in Great Britain.
Birmingham churches include Saint Philip's Cathedral (1715), Saint Martin's
Parish Church in the Bull Ring (13th century), and the Roman Catholic Saint
Chad's Cathedral (1841). Other notable buildings are the neoclassical Town Hall
(1834), the Renaissance-style Council House (1881), and the modern Bull Ring
Shopping Centre.
Heavily bombed during World War II, the city has
undergone extensive rebuilding. Population (1981) 1,006,908; (1991 preliminary)
934,900.
Unit
11
Grammar:
1. Объектный инфинитивный
оборот (The Objective
Infinitive Construction).
2. Субъектный
инфинитивный оборот (The Subjective Infinitive Construction).
I. Language
Practice
1. Practise the fluent reading and
correct intonation:
—
`How did you `get on in your ö exams?
—
I ö
passed.
—
/Congratuölations!
What ö
`marks did you `get?
—
Three ø
fives and a ö
four.
—
`Well ö
done. `Now you can reølax and ö enjoy your`self
for a `bit.
—
ö Yes.
It’s a `big reölief.
2. Listen to the speaker; read and
memorize the following words and phrases:
1.
to engage - заниматься
2.
trade - ремесло
3.
occupation - занятие
4.
county clerk - служащий округа
5.
at will - по желанию, по усмотрению
6.
power - право
7.
charter - устав
8.
consent - согласие
9.
to terminate - заканчивать, завершать
10.
to dissolve - расторгать, аннулировать
11.
bankruptcy - банкротство
12.
misconduct - дурное поведение
13.
authority - полномочие
14.
cash - наличные деньги
15.
debt - долг
16.
to mortgage - закладывать
17.
good faith - добросовестность
18.
dealings - торговые дела
19.
to account - отвечать (за что-либо)
20.
liability - ответственность
21.
to permit - разрешать
Text.
Partnership
Partnership, in law, term applied to an association of
two or more persons who have agreed to combine their labor, property, and
skill, or some or all of them, for the purpose of engaging in lawful business
and sharing profits and losses between them; in this definition the term
business includes every trade, occupation, and profession. The parties forming
such an association are known as partners. Partners may adopt a fictitious name
or use a real family name. In the U.S., most states require the filing of a
certificate of partnership with the county clerk when an assumed name is used.
The agreement to form a partnership is known as a partnership contract, the
most important provision of which spells out the manner in which profits are to
be distributed.
A partnership can be formed only by contract; the Statute of Frauds
requires the agreement to be in writing if the term exceeds one year; failure
to comply results in a partnership at will. Any number of persons may contract
to form a partnership, and firms of partners may enter into partnership with
one another. By contrast, in most states, a corporation has no power to enter
into a partnership unless such power is expressly given in the corporate
charter. New members may be admitted into an existing partnership only with the
consent of all the partners. The agreement of partnership generally is for a
definite term of years; if no duration is specified, it is said to be a
partnership at will and can be terminated at any time by any partner. By
agreement of the members, a partnership may be dissolved or terminated and the
terms of the partnership agreement modified at any time. Death or bankruptcy of
a partner, the insanity or misconduct of a partner, and the end of the period
fixed for the duration of the partnership also operate to terminate the
partnership.
A partner acts as an agent of the firm in the conduct of
its business. Authority to act depends not only on the express powers given to
a partner by the partnership agreement, but also on the implied powers
resulting from the partnership relation and the nature of the business
conducted. In the case of a partnership formed to conduct a wholesale or retail
business, for example, a partner has implied power to borrow money for trade
purposes, to buy on cash or credit, to make contracts and negotiable
instruments to hire employees, to pay firm debts and sell or mortgage property
for that purpose and to receive payment of debts owed the firm. A partner must,
however, exercise the highest degree of good faith in all dealings with the
other partners, devote time and attention to the partnership business, and must
account to the other partners for any secret profits made in the conduct of the
partnership business. The liability of a partner for partnership debts is said
to be unlimited, except when the partner is a limited one in a limited
partnership organized in accordance with the provisions of a state statute
permitting such limitation of liability.
II. Exercises on
the Text:
3. Give English equivalents to:
термин, касающийся объединения двух или более лиц;
термин деятельность (бизнес) включает любое ремесло, занятие или профессию;
фиктивное название; заполнение сертификата товарищества; означает способ; если
срок превышает один год; корпорация не имеет права вступать в товарищество;
корпоративный устав; если не указана продолжительность; в любое время любым
партнером; умопомешательство или дурное поведение партнера; осуществление своей
деятельности; характер осуществляемой деятельности; партнер приобрел право
занимать деньги для торговых целей; условия договоров для найма служащих;
уделять время и внимание; в соответствии с законом штата.
4. Complete as in the text and translate
into Russian:
1. The parties forming such an association... 2.
Partners may adopt a fictitious name or use... 3. A partnership can be formed
only... 4. New members may be admitted into an existing partnership only with
... 5. ... it is said to be a partnership at will and can be terminated at ...
6. A partner acts as an agent to the firm in the conduct... 7. ... for example,
a partner has implied power to borrow money for trade purposes? To buy on cash
or credit? To make contracts and negotiable instruments to hire employees? To
pay...8. The liability of partner for partnership debts is said to be
unlimited, except when partner is a limited one in a limited partnership...
5. Sum up what the text says about:
partnership as a term in law;
the formulation of a partnership;
the terms of partnership agreement; partner’s authority;
the liability of a partner.
6. Imagine you are a firm’s manager.
Using the following scheme answer the questions:
1. How many departments are there at the company?
2. How many managers do work at the company?
3. What is in your opinion the most important
department?
4.Are there any overseas branches?
III. Grammar
Exercises
V
+
(действ.
залог)
|
N(общ.п)
Pron(объект.п)
|
+ Inf.
|
1.
He considers the workers (them) to do it.
Он считает, что
рабочие (они) сделают это.
2.
It enabled the workers (them) to do it.
Это заставило рабочих
(их) сделать это.
|
1. Придаточным
дополнительным предложением с союзами что, чтобы, как.
2. Простым
предложением.
|
Объектный
инфинитивный оборот употребляется после глаголов, обозначающих:
Чувство и желание
|
Чувственное
восприятие
|
Предполо-жение
|
Умственную деятель-ность
|
Побуждение
|
to
want – хотеть
to
wish – желать
to
desire – желать
to
like – хотеть
to
love – любить
to
hate – ненавидеть
|
to
hear – слышать
to
see – видеть
to
watch – наблюдать
to
observe – наблюдать
to
feel – чувствовать
to
notice - замечать
|
to
expect – ожидать
to
suppose – предпологать
to
consider – считать
to
assume – полагать
to
believe – полагать
to
hold - полагать
|
to
think – думать
to
know – знать
to
understand – понимать
to
find – обнаружить
to
report – сообщать
to
note - отмечать
|
а) с “to”
to
order – приказывать
to
tell – велеть
to
ask – просить
to
get – заставлять
б) без “to”
to
make – заставлять
to
let – позволять
|
|
|
|
|
|
N(общ.п)
+
Pron.(им.п.)
|
V
(страд. залог)
(действ. залог)
|
+ Inf.
|
1.
The workers (they) are considered to do it.
Считают, что рабочие
(они) сделают это.
2.
He appeared to be a brave man.
Он, как оказалось,
храбрый человек.
3.
This is likely to be the truth.
Это, вероятно,
правда.
|
1. Придаточным предложением.
3. Простое
предложение.
|
7. Express the following using simple
sentences with Complex Object:
Example: I see
how this woman goes to the factory every day.
I see this woman go to the factory
every day.
1. I saw how the director explained the details of the
plan. 2. We heard how they spoke about their Institute. 3. The manager watches
how the employees enter the office. 4. I heard how the workers discussed the
problems they had to solve to increase the output. 5. We saw how they used the
equipment we sent them last month. 6. I heard how the engineer explained the
new methods of production.
8. Fill in the blanks with one of the
following verbs in the form of the Infinitive:
arrive, cry, do, explain, go, get, hear, know.
1. Please stay with me, I don’t want you .... 2. David’s
parents didn’t want him ... married. 3. She didn’t understand the story, so she
asked me ... it to her. 4. Talk quietly. I don’t want anybody ... us. 5. You’re
here early. We expected you ... later. 6. It was a very sad film. It made me
.... 7. Please don’t tell Tom about my plan. I don’t want him .... 8. What do
you think about my problem? What do you advise me ...?
9. Express the following using simple
sentences with Complex Subject:
1. It is known that new economic theory is tested by
practice. 2. It seems that this approach ignores the objective conditions. 3.
It is said that you know the data very well. 4. It is understood that the
seller will help us to choose the necessary goods. 5. It is known that the
first reference to cotton has been made 2,500 years ago. 6. It is believed that
the wage incentive program will be adopted in May.
10. Transform the sentences using
Complex Subject and the words in brackets:
Example: He has
lost weight (seem).
He seems to lose weight.
1. You know a lot of our customers (seem). 2. Our
product line is getting better (appear). 3. That car has broken down (appear).
4. Our executing officer forgets things (tend). 5. They have solved the problem
of variable expenses (claim). 6. The situation in this warehouse is more
difficult than we thought (seem).
11. Translate into Russian:
1. With more and better goods and services available
everyone’s living standard is likely to improve. 2. If producers expect prices
to increase in the future, they may increase their production. 3. When a budget
has expenses that exactly equal income, it is said to be balanced. 4. When
proposed expenses are greater than expected income, the budget is said to have
a deficit. 5. The proportional tax seems to be fair because everyone pays the
same rate. 6. When dollar values are down, overseas sales are likely to
increase. 7. Sellers in each country expect to be paid in their own currency
for the goods they sell to other countries. 8. The management of the firm wants
them to report about the results or their negotiations. 9. Such times of
inflation and deflation are likely to create hardships for many sectors of the
economy. 10. Overall employment in the industry is sure to decline as small
farms are consolidated into large farms and technology further reduces the need
for farm labour.
12. Give the meaning of the following
words:
to employ, employee, employer, employment, unemployment,
employed.
to pay, paid, payment, paying, payable, payer.
to own, own, ownership, owner.
to buy, bought, buyer.
to sell, seller, selling, sold.
to manage, management, manager, managing, manageable,
managerial.
to market, market, marketing, marketability, marketable.
13. Read the text and retell it in
Russian:
The United States of America
After its 200th birthday the United States of America
still holds the leading position in the western world. A country that inspired
many appelations - "Land of Opportunity," "Melting Pot,"
"God's Country," is still referred to us as a land of superlatives
-"the richest," "the greatest," "the most."
What makes the USA the leader of the western world is
its economic, political and military dominance over other countries.
The United States lies in the central part of the North
American Continent between the two oceans: the Atlantic Ocean to the East and
the Pacific Ocean to the West. Friendly Canada to the north and friendly Mexico
to the south are the only countries bordering it.
The USA consists of three separate parts. They are the
Hawaiian Islands, situated in the central part of the North American continent
of the Pacific Ocean, Alaska separated by the Canadian territory and the rest
major part of the USA. The states differ very much in size, population and
economic development.
There are many big cities and towns in the USA: New
York, San Francisco, Washington, Chicago, Los Angeles are the biggest of them.
The United States of America is a parlamentary republic.
The government is divided into three branches: legislative (the US Congress),
executive (the President and his Administration) and judicial (the US Supreme
Court).
There are two main political parties in the USA: the
Democratic (symbolized by a "donkey") and the Republican (its symbol
is an "elephant"). The US President is both head of state and
government. He is elected for a four-year term. Presidential elections are held
every leap year on first Tuesday after first Monday in November. The President
is assisted by Secretaries who are the heads of the executive departments. The
Supreme Court consists of Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices who are
appointed for life. It is supposed to decide whether a law of the Congress or
an executive order of the President is constitutional or not.
The form of US government is based on the Constitution
of September 17, 1787, adopted after the War of Independence. In December 1791,
the Congress adopted ten amendments to the Constitution, known as the Bill of
Rights. The latter enumerated what the government controlled by the oligarchy was
not going to be allowed to do, which was, of couse, an important democratic
gain for people.
The Congress of the United States is composed of two
houses, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate represents the
states and the House represents the population according to its distribution
among the states. All states have electoral requirements of the same nature.
First of all they are residence requirements.
Through its power over the purse, the US Congress can
control much that relates to foreign policy, also it is a governmental body
that determines taxation.
Each of the fifty states of the USA has a constitution
patterned after the federal Constitution, with its divisions of power:
legislative, executive, and judicial.
The Presidency means not only a man: means an
institution - the "executive branch" of the government.
Unit
12
Grammar:
1. Герундий.
2. Герундиальные
обороты.
I. Language Practice
1. Practise the fluent reading and
correct intonation:
—
`Can you re`duce your `prices at `least by ø 3 per `cent?
—
ø
Well, I don’t `think we ö can, the `world ø
`prices have `recently `gone ö `up, you ö know. ø
Besides, we’ve `made some ø modifi`cations and improved the ö
design.
—
That’s ö
`true, We’ve ö
`seen that, but we’d `like you to reduce the ø `prices
be`cause we are `going to `place a `very `big ö`order.
—
Will a `two per `cent dis`count off the `price be ø acceptable?
—
That’s `just what we were `going to ö ask you about.
—
ö
Settled.
2. Listen to the speaker; read and
memorize the following words and phrases:
1.
money supply - денежная масса
2.
advice - сîâåò, консультация
3.
lender - кредитор
4.
to rediscount - переучитывать
5.
discount rate - учетная ставка
6.
to withdraw - изымать
7.
currency - деньги, валюта
8.
account - счет
9.
deposit - вклад
10.
for collection - на инкассо (денежный сбор)
11.
to transfer - перевод, перечисление
12.
the Treasury - казначейство
13.
to issue - выпускать
14.
to redeem - погашать
15.
securities - ценные бумаги, акции
Text.
The Federal Reserve System
The Federal Reserve System, or the Fed as it is often
called, was created by an act of Congress in 1913. The Fed, the nation’s central
bank, is made up of a Board of Governors, 12 district banks, and two
committees: the Open Market Committee and the Federal Advisory Council.
Board of Governors. The Board of Governors establishes
policies for the system. It consists of seven persons appointed by the
President for 14-year terms.
Twelve District Banks. The Federal Reserve System is
built around 12 geographic districts. District Federal Reserve banks supervise
banking in each of these areas.
Open Market Committee. The Open Market Committee is made
up of the seven members of the Board of Governors and presidents of five of the
district banks. Its primary responsibility is to regulate the nation’s money
supply.
Federal Advisory Council. The Federal Advisory Council
does just that: it offers advice on the nation’s financial problems. It is
comprised of 12 prominent commercial bankers, one selected from each district.
As the nation’s central bank, the Federal Reserve System
has four separate and distinct roles that profoundly affect the economy:
· Provides banking
services for financial institutions;
· Serves as federal
government’s bank;
· Supervises member banks;
· Manages the
nation’s supply of money and credit.
Provides banking services for financial institutions.
The Fed provides the kinds of services for banks that banks provide for public.
The Federal Reserve Banks hold the reserves of the member banks, i.e. the
commercial banks which are members of the Federal Reserve System. The FR Banks
supply the member banks with currency if necessary and act to them as lenders
by rediscounting bills. The Board determines the reserve requirements of the
commercial banks. The Board too really determines discount rates. The Board
discount rate corresponds in nature to the English Bank rate, though the
Federal Reserve Banks do not always have the same discount rate.
Hold deposit accounts. Banks keep their reserves and
other funds on deposit in a kind of checking account at their district bank.
Make loans. Financial institutions, like most businesses
must borrow from time to time. When this happens they can go to the Fed for a
loan.
Transfer funds. The Federal Reserve System’s wire
services and computers enable local banks to transfer funds from one to the
other almost instantaneously.
Banker to the Federal Government. The Federal Reserve
banks function as the federal government’s banker. They maintain the Treasury
Department’s «checking account» and issue and redeem government bonds and other
securities.
Supervises and regulates the nation’s banking system.
The Federal Reserve System, along with a number of other agencies, is charged
with establishing the rules of behaviour for the banking system in general, and
its individual institutions in particular. The purpose of these rules is to
ensure the safety and soundness of the agencies that handle our funds.
Managers the supply of money and credit. One of the
principal responsibilities of the Fed is to see what the nation needs. In
addition to the Controller of the Currency and the FDIC (Federal Deposit
Insurance Corporation), the Federal Reserve supervises nationally chartered and
state-chartered banks and state banking agencies.
All national banks must be members of the Federal
Reserve System. Incorporated state banks including commercial banks, mutual
savings banks, trust companies, and industrial banks may also join the System.
Incorporated banks are those which have a charter from
the state to act as an individual. Mutual savings banks are savings banks owned
by their depositors. Industrial banks make loans for the purchase or
manufacture of industrial products.
II. Exercises on
the Text:
3. Give Russian equivalents to:
the nation’s central bank; Board of Governors; the Open
Market Committee; the Federal Advisory Council; for 14-year terms; supervise
banking; is made up of the seven members; the nation’s money supply; it offers
advice; prominent commercial bankers; profoundly affect; to act as lenders;
corresponding in nature; banks draw currency; the checks are credited to the
deposits’ accounts; are presented for collection; from time to time; wire
services; almost instantaneously; government bond and other securities;
establishing the rules of behavior; in general; in particular; the safety and
soundness; the amount of money and credit in circulation; nationally charted;
state-charted; incorporated state banks; mutual savings banks; trust companies.
4. Answer the following questions:
1. What is the Fed? 2. When was the Fed created? 3. What
is the structure of the Fed? 4. What are the main functions of the Board of
Governors? 5. How many Reserve Districts are there in the U.S.A? 6. What is the
primary responsibility of the Open Market Committee? 7. Does the Federal
Advisory Council offer advice on the nation’s financial problems? 8. What are
the main roles of the Fed? 9. How does the FR Banks work with the member banks?
10. What are presented to the district banks for collection? 11. What are the
ways at transferring funds? 12. What does the FR Banks issue and redeem? 13.
How does the Fed supervise and regulate the Nation’s Banking System? 14. What
financial institutions may be members of the Fed?
5. Sum up what the text says about:
the structure of the Fed;
what the Fed does;
incorporated state banks;
mutual savings banks;
industrial banks;
6. Translate into Russian paying
attention to other bank services:
Other
Bank Services
Trusts. A trust
arrangement exists when a bank provides safekeeping and management of funds for
individuals, estates or institutions such as pension funds. The bank's job is
to administer the money entrusted to it wisely and for the benefit of the
owner. The bank receives a fee for managing these funds.
Currency Exchange Banks can buy or sell foreign
currencies for their own benefit or for their clients. Importers, exporters and
travelers are major users of these services. Even domestic travelers may
purchase travelers' checks issued by banks.
Safekeeping. Many banks
rent safety deposit boxes in their vaults to persons seeking a safe and secure
place for their valuables.
Credit Cards. Some banks derive significant revenues from operating bankcard programs.
There is usually an annual fee to use the credit card, and the consumer pays
interest on the unpaid balance. Merchants pay a fee to the bank as well.
Brokerage. In very
recent times (and still on a highly limited basis) some banks have entered the
brokerage business. As brokers they buy and sell stocks and bonds for their
clients.
Insurance. In a number
of states certain banks can sell their customers life insurance policies.
Letters of Credit. Banks may aid commerce by writing letters of credit. In these documents,
the bank guarantees one party (such as a seller) that payment will be made if
certain conditions are met (such as the delivery of merchandise). Letters of
credit are common when goods are bought or sold abroad. There is a fee for
providing this letter of credit.
Investments. Banks are permitted to buy U.S. government bonds for their own accounts.
Banks may make money in trading such bonds and from the interest paid by the
government to the holders of such securities.
Underwriting. When companies (or even units of government) raise money by issuing
shares of stocks or by the sale of bonds, they use the services of certain
financial specialists. Some very large banks provide such assistance, as do
major brokerage companies.
Consulting. A growing
business for banks is to give advice to other businesses. Especially
significant in recent years is the assistance provided to firms involved in
corporate mergers and takeovers.
III. Grammar
Exercises
Forms of
the Gerund.
|
Active
|
Passive
|
Indefinite
|
asking
(V-ing)
спрашивать
|
being
asked (being
+ V3)
быть спрашиваемым
|
Perfect
|
having
asked (having + V3)
уже
спросить
|
having
been asked (having been + V3)
уже быть спрошенным
|
Синтаксические
функции герундия и способы их перевода на русский язык.
Подлежащее
|
1.
Reading is useful
|
Чтение...
|
Часть сказуемого
|
2.
Our aim is mastering English
|
...овладеть...
|
Дополнение
|
3.
She likes
singing
|
...пение
|
Определение
|
4.
There are many ways of solving it
|
...решения
|
Обстоятельство
|
5.
He went there for studying.
|
...учебы
|
Герундиальные обороты
Prep. + Noun (прит.п.) + Gerund
Pronoun (прит.)
(Prep.) + N (общ.п.) + Gerund
Example: He speaks of the
workers’ (their) doing it.
...что рабочие сделают это.
7. Form gerunds using the suffix -ing:
read; explain; govern; create; develop; increase;
provide; delivery; establish; distribute; visit; enter.
8. Make the following sentences simple
using the Gerund:
1. Do you mind if I take your warranty card for a moment?
2. We must consider the matter thoroughly before we come to any conclusion. 3.
I remember that we have seen our department head only once. 4. When he received
another letter from his firm he changed his mind. 5. Before he left the office
he called on his sales manager.
9. Translate the following sentences
into Russian:
1.
Cleaning up the river will require a major effort, and considerable expense. 2.
Scientists’ working together and their sharing ideas with one another is of
great advantage for science. 3. Economists have two ways of looking at
economics and the economy. 4. Sellers compete by trying to produce the goods
and services buyers want at the lowest possible price. 5. The next step in
preparing a personal budget is to draw up a list of all your sources of income.
6. There are numerous reasons people think about owning a business of their
own. 7. Instead of using that temporary opportunity to increase the market
share for American autos by holding prices at current levels or lowering
prices, the auto companies raised their prices. 8. Monetary policy refers to
regulating the supply of money as a way of stabilizing the economy. 9. Ricardo
is especially famous in international economies for demonstrating the
advantages of free trade. 10. Hardly a day passes without hearing a commercial
or reading an ad describing the advantages of one kind of program over another.
11. A firm of under 20 employees has a 37 percent chance of surviving four
years. 12. Scientists’ constantly exploring the unknown, their looking for new
knowledge and the answers to unsolved questions cannot be overestimated.
10. Try to understand the following song
paying attention to the Gerund:
I LIKE HAVING A WALK
On Sunday afternoons in the middle of July
I like having a rest just looking at the sky.
I like listening
to the birds singing in the trees
- In July...
I like having a walk when the sun shines.
And walking in the rain.
I love thinking of you and all the things you do
- On Sunday afternoons.
On rainy April Sundays I like staying at home.
I like reading a book or simply being alone.
I like watching a film or listening to some music
- In April...
11. Read the text and retell it in
Russian:
David Ricardo
(1772-1823) Classical Champion of Free
Trade
David Ricardo is
one of history's most influential economists. Born in England, Ricardo made a
fortune on the London Stock Exchange. This wealth gave him the time to write
and to serve in Parliament's House of Commons. His most famous work. Principles
of Political Economy and Taxation (1817), marked him as the greatest
spokesman for classical economics since Adam Smith.
Ricardo is especially famous in international economics
for demonstrating the advantages of free trade. Free trade is a
policy in which tariffs and other barriers to trade between nations are
removed. To prove his point, Ricardo developed a concept we now call the principle
of comparative advantage. Comparative advantage enabled him to demonstrate
that one nation might profitably import goods from another even though the
importing country could produce that item for less than the exporter.
Ricardo's explanation of comparative advantage went as
follows:
Portugal and England, both of whom produce wine and
cloth, are considering the advantages of exchanging those products with one
another.
·
x barrels of wine
are equal to (and therefore trade evenly for) ó yards of cloth.
·
In Portugal 80 workers can produces barrels of wine in a
year. It takes 120 English workers to produce that many barrels.
·
Portuguese workers can produce ó yards of
cloth in a year. It takes 100 English workers to produce ó yards
of cloth.
We can see, Ricardo continued, that even though Portugal
can produce both wine and cloth more efficiently than England, it pays them to
specialize in the production of wine and import English cloth. This is so
because by trading with England, Portugal can obtain as much cloth for 80
worker-years as it would take 90 worker-years to produce themselves.
England will also benefit. By specializing in cloth, it
will be able to obtain wine in exchange for 100 worker- years of labor rather
than 120.
As a member of Parliament, Ricardo pressed the
government to abandon its traditional policy of protection. Though he did not
live to achieve that goal, his efforts bore fruit in the 1840's when England
became the first industrial power to adopt a policy of free trade. There
followed 70 years of economic growth during which the nation became the world's
wealthiest industrial power.
Unit
13
Grammar:
1. Participle I
2. Причастные
обороты.
3. Независимые
причастные обороты.
I. Language Practice
1. Practise the fluent reading and
correct intonation:
- `What do you `usually `do after work, Ann?
-Oh, a lot of things. There’s `always a `lot of `work to
do about the house, washing up, doing the rooms, mending clothes.
- No, I `don’t `mean that. `What’s your `favourite
pastime?
- Again - `nothing very special. Sometimes I read a
little, watch TV or `listen to the music.
- `What’s your father’s hobby?
- He `enjoys carpentry, just making shelves, boxes,
stools and so on.
- Oh, his `hobby `seems to be both interesting and
useful for the house. By the way, do you know `what are the most `common
`hobbies of Englishmen?
- Well, it `isn’t an easy question. As `far as I know,
`many `Britishers like `sports and games, others, `gardening or `collecting
`different things.
- I see. `What about dancing? Do you like it?
- Oh, very. Actually I’m crazy about dancing. `Do you
`mean to `say we’ll `go to a dance?
- Yes, I’d like to. There’s a very good disco at the
College Club.
2. Listen to the speaker; read and
memorize the following words and phrases:
1. incorporate - регистрироваться
2. subchapter S - раздел в налоговом кодексе США, касающийся
налогообложения малых корпораций
3. income tax - налог на прибыль, подоходный налог
4. to prorate - распределять пропорционально
5. returns - отчет, налоговая декларация
6. tax return - налоговая декларация
7. to incur - потерпеть убытки
8. retained earnings account - счет о
нераспределенной прибыли
9.
C-corporation - (амер.) частная компания с ограниченной ответственностью
10.
tax rate - налоговая ставка
Text. Small Business in the
USA: An S-Corporation is not always best
Small companies are generally believed to incorporate as
S-corporations. S-corporations take their name from a Congressional addition to
the income tax law known as subchapter S. The S-corporation enjoying many
corporate attributes (the main is that the owners of a corporation do not
expose their personal assets to corporate liability), it is treated like a
partnership for purposes of determining its Federal income tax liability. At
the end of each fiscal year, its total earnings (or losses) are prorated to
each shareholder, and these earnings (or losses) are incorporated into their
individual income tax returns.
Among the advantages of the S-corporation for small
business is no "double taxation" - paying an income tax on corporate
net income, and then paying an individual income tax on the dividend income
subsequently distributed by the corporation.
Thus, the S-corporation "generally will not be
liable for federal income tax." If losses are incurred during the start-up
period (or any other period), these losses can be deducted each year from the
shareholders' tax returns. All income, losses, credits, and deductions are
"washed through" the S-corporation at the end of each fiscal year,
and carried directly to the individual tax return for each shareholder. Being
emptied out at the end of each fiscal year, the S-corporation has no retained
earnings account.
For most of small businesses, the S-corporation has long
been the preferred corporate structure. The operational accounting is simpler,
and accounting, legal, and administrative expenses are minimized. Shareholders
receive the immediate benefits of earnings without "double taxation".
There are sound reasons to state that this is generally the most popular
corporate structure.
However, for small businesses that are growing rapidly,
the conventional C-corporation status may turn out to be more preferable. The
primary motivation for such a change would be the ability to retain and
reinvest earnings in the expanding business.
The maximum Federal income tax rate for C-corporation is
34 percent for taxable income up to $10.0 million, whereas the maximum tax rate
on S-corporation income is now the maximum individual rate of 39.6 percent. If
the business is striving to retain and reinvest all possible cash during a
period of strong growth, it will obviously forgo distributing cash dividends
thereby avoiding the problem of "double taxation."
II. Exercises on
the Text:
3. Give English equivalents to:
корпоративные свойства; личное имущество; корпоративная
ответственность, задолженность по федеральным налоговым платежам; финансовый
год; общие поступления (или убытки); «двойное налогообложение»; «отмываются»;
заносятся прямо в индивидуальную налоговую декларацию; операционный учет;
бухгалтерские расходы; управленческие расходы; немедленная прибыль от доходов;
серьезные причины; способность сохранить и инвестировать; доход, подлежащий
налогообложению; оно очевидно откажется от распределения дивидендов наличными;
учитывая влияние амортизационных отчислений.
4. Combine the words into sentences:
1. like, its, a partnership, is, Federal, it,
liability, for purposes, income, of determining, tax, treated.
2. no, among, of the S-corporation, is, the
advantages, «double taxation», for small business.
3. «washed through», all income, at the end,
losses, of each fiscal year, credits, and deductions, are, the S-corporation.
4. the most popular, sound, are, to state,
corporate structure, there, reasons, this, that, generally, is.
5. 34 percent, up to $10 million, income tax rate,
is, the maximum, for taxable income, Federal, for C-corporation.
5. Sum up what the text says about:
the advantages of the S-corporation;
the charge to conventional C-corporation.
6. US government defines a small
business as one that has fewer than 500 employees. Why do you think that most
small business are in the service and retail fields?
A. Transportation/Communication
- taxi service, trucking, warehousing, radio station.
B. Finance -
insurance, real estate, banking.
C. Wholesale -
distributor, grain elevator.
D. Other - mining,
landscaping, fishing, unclassified.
E. Service - motel,
barber shop, advertising agency.
F. Manufacturing -
machine shop, printing, brewing.
G. Retail - gas
station, shoe store, restaurant, florist.
H. Construction -
general constructor, plumbing and heating, electrical.
III. Grammar
Exercises
Forms and
Functions of Participle I.
|
Active
Voice
|
Passive
Voice
|
Present
Participle
|
using
1. определение:
применяющий
(иногда: -вший)
2. обстоятельство:
применяя
|
being
used
1. определение:
применяющийся,
применяемый, который
применяется
2. обстоятельство:
будучи применен,
когда применяется
|
Perfect
Participle
|
having
used
обстоятельство:
применив
(-яв, -вшись)
|
having
been
used
обстоятельство:
после того как
применили, так как применили, когда применили.
|
7. Define the form of Participle I:
enjoying, being emptied out, having asked, having
developed, working, having been invited, being built, living, being assisted.
8. Translate the following sentences
into Russian paying attention to the forms and functions of Participle I:
1.
Having done that, they let investors determine the risks
for themselves.
2.
The governments of 50 states have structures closely
paralleling those of the federal governments.
3.
Prices paid by consumers also include Value-Added Taxes,
reflecting the costs of providing goods and services for sale.
4.
VATs are the principal means of indirect taxation in
many countries, including the member states of the European Union.
5.
In most extreme form, chromic price increases become
hyperinflation, causing the entire economic system to break down.
6.
Being shown this document, he said it belonged to the
well-known S-corporation.
7.
Having been written the balance sheet was given to the
chief executive officer.
8.
Having been completed so carefully the material didn't
need any corrections.
9.
The trademark, a two- or three-dimensional insignia
symbolizing a company or industry, dates from about the 16th
century.
10.
The agency spends most of its time planning, creating,
and producing the advertising for its clients.
11.
The Absolute Participle Construction
Noun
(общ.п.)
+Participle
Pronoun
(им.п.)
|
+подл.+сказ.+доп
, ,
|
Noun
(общ.п.)
+Participle
Pronoun
(им.п.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
переводится
обстоятельственным придаточным предложением с союзами - так как, поскольку,
если, когда.
|
|
переводится
самостоятельным предложением с союзами - а, и, причем, при этом или без союза
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1. It
being very late, we went to the
hotel.
2. This
done, we had a good rest.
|
|
1. We
had two lectures yesterday, the last being on economics
2. He
sat alone, his eyes closed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
9. Translate into Russian:
1. With factories operating at less than capacity and
unemployment at very high levels, total output of goods and services enters a
long-term decline. 2. The contract having been signed, the delegation went
away. 3. Time permitting, the manager writes this letter. 4. The article deals
with the income tax, particular attention being paid to Federal income tax
liability. 5. The terms of delivery having been discussed, he signed the
contract.
10.
Read paying attention to the different meaning of the following terms.
administration
around
(ten)
blue-chip
investments call loan
checking
account claim letter
collect
on delivery common stock corporation law
to
fix a meeting government bonds
in
good shape investment bank
law
business
local
taxes
|
government
in power
about
(ten)
first-class
investments short-term loan
current
account
letter
of complaint
cash
on delivery ordinary share
company
law
to
arrange a meeting government securities
in
good condition merchant bank
practice
(law)
rates
|
|
to
operate a business
|
to
run a business
|
|
|
operating
costs
|
running
expenses
|
|
|
preferred
stock
|
preference
share
|
|
|
president
|
chairman
|
|
|
right
away
|
immediately
|
|
|
shipment
|
consignment
|
|
|
stockholder
|
shareholder
|
|
|
tag
|
label
|
|
|
tender
|
offer
|
|
|
way
back
|
some
time ago
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
11. Translate English jokes:
Brother: Are you really going to marry that young man
Jones? He is said to be kind and very clever. But isn't he a bit strange? At
any rate he is unlike other young men.
Sister: I am going to marry Jones, and I don't find
anything strange about him. And then if he is indeed unlike other young men, he
is likely to make a very good husband.
12.
Read the text and retell it in Russian:
Canada
Canada, a
federated country in North America, made up of ten provinces and two (soon to
be three) territories. Canada is a vast nation with a wide variety of
geological formations, climates, and ecological systems. It has rain forest,
prairie grassland, deciduous forest, tundra, and wetlands. Canada has more
lakes and inland waters than any other country. It is renowned for its scenery,
which attracts millions of tourists each year. On a per-capita basis, its
resource endowments are the second richest in the world after Australia.
Canada is the second largest country in the world but has about the same
population as the state of California, which is one-25th its size. This is
because the north of Canada, with its harsh Arctic and sub-Arctic climates, is
sparsely inhabited. Most Canadians live in the southern part of the country.
More than three-quarters of them live in metropolitan areas, the largest of
which are Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa-Hull, and Edmonton. French and
English are the official languages, and at one time most Canadians were of
French or English descent.
Canada has impressive reserves of timber, minerals, and
fresh water, and many of its industries are based on these resources. Many of
its rivers have been harnessed for hydroelectric power, and it is
self-sufficient in fossil fuel. Transportation equipment is the leading
manufacturing industry. While Canada’s prosperity is built on the resource and
manufacturing industries, most Canadians work in service occupations, including
transportation, trade, finance, personal services, and government.
Canada is a parliamentary democracy, and the federal,
provincial, and territorial legislatures are all elected. However, Canada’s
sovereign is a monarch, the queen of England, who is also the monarch of Great
Britain. The queen is represented in Canada by the governor-general and ten
lieutenant governors. Canada’s constitution guarantees equality under the law
to all of its citizens. Powers of the federal and provincial governments are
spelled out separately under the constitution, but over the past 50 years they
have increasingly cooperated in programs that provide a wide range of social
services-often called the «welfare state»-to the public.
Modern Canada was formed in an event that Canadians call
Confederation, in 1867, when three colonies of Great Britain merged to create a
partially independent state of four provinces. Since then, six more provinces
and two territories have been added, with a third territory scheduled to come
into existence in 1999. Canada achieved full independence in 1931 but continues
to belong to the Commonwealth of Nations, a voluntary association of countries
with ties to Great Britain
Unit
14
Grammar:
1. Условные предложения (Conditional Sentences).
2. Бессоюзные
условные предложения.
I. Language Practice
1. Practise the fluent reading and
correct intonation:
- Mr. Smith, `are you `here, in `London, on va`cation or
on `business?
- It's a `kind of `business trip.
- Please `tell me a `few `words about your `business.
- Well, I'm in `charge of the `advertising de`partment
of the `British `branch of a big multi`national corpo`ration.
- `What does your `firm pro`duce?
- Oh, a `lot of e`quipment. We pro`duce `all `sorts of
`radio e`quipment, TV sets, `video ca`ssette re`corders, com`puters and so on.
- In `what `countries does this corpo`ration main`tain
its plants?
- We have `branches in France, `West `Germany, `Holland,
`Italy and Spain.
- `Has your `company a big `staff?
- I'm not `sure I don't know the e`xact `number. A`round
`six `thousand emplo`yees in `all the `branches, I think.
2. Listen to the speaker; read and
memorize the following words and phrases:
1. to encourage [in`kri®] - поддерживать, поощрять
2. taxation - налогообложение
3. merits - достоинство
4. taxpayer - налогоплательщик
5. discretionary income - дискреционный доход (часть
чистого дохода потребителя, предназначенная для расходов по собственному
усмотрению после обязательных расходов на налоги и на удовлетворение жизненных
потребностей)
6. tax incidence - распределение налогового
бремени
7. tax-shifting - переложение налогов
Text.
Taxes, Taxes, Taxes....
"But in this world nothing can be said to be
certain, except death and taxes."-Benjamin Franklin, 1789.
Few economic topics excite controversy more easily than
taxes. While most would agree that neither government nor modern society could
survive without them, taxes are more likely to be criticized than praised. But
as Benjamin Franklin noted long ago they are a ' certainty, and for that reason
we ought to know something about them.
Why Do Governments Collect Taxes? Although the principal
purpose of taxes is to pay for the cost of government, it is not the only
function taxes serve.
Sometimes taxes are levied to protect selected
industries.
Taxes have also been used to discourage activities the
government believes to be harmful. For example, taxes on cigarettes and liquor,
so called "sin taxes," have been levied both to raise money and to
discourage people from smoking and drinking.
Taxes have been used to encourage certain activities. In
the 1980's, for example, the government wanted to encourage business to
modernize plants and increase productivity. It did so, in part, by offering to
reduce the taxes of firms that purchased new machinery and equipment.
The federal government can use its ability to tax to
regulate the level of economic activity. The size of the economy is directly
related to consumer and business spending. By increasing or decreasing taxes,
government can directly affect the amount of money available to be spent.
·Evaluating Taxes.
Most people would agree that some taxation is necessary, but the question of
which taxes, and in what amounts, can lead to considerable disagreement.
The benefits-received principle of taxation states that
those who benefit from a government program are the ones who ought to pay for
it.
The ability-to-pay principle states that taxes ought to
be paid by those who can best afford them, regardless of the benefits they
receive. In arguing in favor of the ability-to-pay principle, economists often
cite Engel's Law. This principle states that as income increases, the
proportion spent on luxuries increases, while that spent on necessities
decreases. It follows that taxing higher-income groups may deny them certain
luxuries, but taxing the poor reduces their ability to buy necessities.
Also, some benefits are indirect. If Mr. and Mrs. Jones
have children in the public school, they can see the direct benefit of their
school taxes. But Mr. and Mrs. Smith may feel they get no benefit from the
school because they have no children.
We all benefit from having an educated workforce,
however. Thanks to education, the nation's productivity is higher, and we can
all share in the additional output that results from it. If the Smiths own a
business, they benefit from having workers who have been trained to read, write
and solve mathematical problems.
Most taxes can be classified as progressive,
proportional or regressive. A progressive tax takes a larger percentage of a
higher income and a smaller percentage of a lower income. The federal income
tax is the best known example of a progressive tax.
A proportional tax takes the same percentage of all
incomes, regardless of size.
A regressive tax is one that takes a higher percentage
of a low income and a lower percentage of a high income. Although they are not
based on a person's income, sales taxes have a regressive effect because they
take a larger share of earnings from a low-income taxpayer than from a
high-income taxpayer.
Which tax is the fairest? Few would argue that a
regressive tax is fair. Those who favor the ability-to-pay principle would
support a progressive tax, and possibly the proportional tax. There are some,
however, who argue that the proportional tax is not fair.
The proportional tax seems to be fair because everyone
pays the same rate. In analyzing the impact of taxes on individuals, economists
often concentrate on discretionary income-the amount that a person has left
after buying necessities (food, clothing, shelter, medical care,
transportation, etc).
In evaluating a tax it is important to know who will
really have to pay it, or, as economists put it, the incidence of the tax. The
burden of paying a tax can be avoided if the one responsible for writing the
check for taxes to the government can pass the cost on to someone else. The
process of passing the burden to someone else is known as tax-shifting. Taxes
may be passed on to consumers, in which case they are said to be shifted
forward. Similarly, taxes may be shifted backward as when suppliers or the
workers who produced the products are forced to assume the burden.
II. Exercises on the Text:
3. Give Russian equivalents to:
nothing can be said to be certain; neither government
nor modern society; they are a certainty; we ought to know; to pay for the cost
of government; to protect selected industries; to discourage harmful
activities; to encourage certain activities; the merits of one tax to another;
benefits-received principle; ability-to-pay principle; educated workforce; a
larger percentage; sales taxes; the burden of paying a tax.
4. Complete as in the text and translate
into Russian:
1. Few economic topics excite controversy ... 2. The
Federal government can use its ability to tax ... 3. By increasing or
decreasing taxes, government can directly affect ... 4. The benefits-received
principle of taxation states that those who benefit from a government program
are the ones ... 5. The ability-to-pay principle states that taxes ought to be
paid by those who can best afford them, ... 6. If Mr. And Mrs. Jones have
children in the public school, they can see ...
5.
Analyze the scheme and describe the circulation flow of the American Economy.
The Circular Flow of the American Economy Among
Government, Consumer Households and Business Firms.
6. Think and answer the following
questions:
1. What are the principal taxes you and your family pay?
2. Add the sales taxes, property taxes, value added taxes, and other together
to determine what percentage of your family's income is actually spent in
taxes.
III. Grammar
Exercises
Условные предложения (Conditional
Sentences)
Тип предложения
|
Придаточное условное
предложение
|
Главное предложение
|
I тип
|
Present Simple
|
Future Simple
|
Реальное условие.
Изъявительное наклонение
|
If
he comes,
If
he should come,
Should
he come,
Åñëè
он
ïðèäåò,
|
ü
ý he
will help us.
þ
он ïîìîæåò
нам.
|
II тип
|
Past Simple
|
should, wouldü
could, might ý+
V
þ
|
Маловероятное или
нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему времени.
Сослагательное наклонение.
|
If
he came,
If
he should come,
Should
he come,
Åñëè
бы
он
ïðèшел,
If
he were here,
Were
he here,
Åñëè
áû он áûë
здесь,
|
ü
ý he
would help us.
þ
он ïîìîã
áû нам.
ü
ý he
would help us.
þ
он ïîìîã
áû нам.
|
III тип
|
Past Perfect
|
should,
wouldü
could,
might ý+have+
V3
þ
|
Нереальное или
невыполнимое условие, относящееся к прошедшему времени. Сослагательное
наклонение.
|
If
he had come,
Had
he come,
Åñëè
бы
он ïðèшел,
|
ü
ý
he would have
helped
us.
þ
он ïîìîã
áû нам.
|
7. Make up as many sentences as you can
using the given table:
If
I had a holiday
If
he|I were ill
If
the weather were fine today
If
there were your mother's birthday today
If
I were you
If
they didn't have to go to the Institute
If
you were tired
If
she|I had free time
If
you had much money
|
I
(we) should (would)
they
(she, he)
|
see
the doctor
travel
round the world
have
a rest
buy
a present
go
for a walk
stay
at home
go
to the seaside
help
read
many interesting books
|
8. Translate the following sentences:
1. Steven Jobs reasoned that if computers were made
easier to use and less expensive, the public would buy them. 2. If you wanted
to buy or sell corporate securities, you would probably call upon the services
of a local brokerage firm. 3. If the corporation prospers over the years, its
stocks will increase in value. 4. If the population were to grow at a faster
rate than production, average living standards would fall. 5. If the public
prefers to buy now and save later, less will be available for investment. 6.If
a firm sought to muximize its losses, it would be unable to pay its bills. 7.If
a country consumes everything that it produces, the ability of that country to
produce in the future will remain unchanged. 8. If, however, something is set
aside out of current production, it could be used as capital to produce more in
the future.
9. Read the text and retell it in
Russian:
A Balance Sheet on Russian Taxes
Taxes, in any country other than a limited number of tax
haven jurisdictions, are viewed universally as a burden. Russia is no
exception. OF course, a tax system that imposes a 35 percent individual tax
rate and a 35 percent corporate rate (with even higher rates for certain types
of businesses) will never be praised by its taxpayers. Moreover, with frequent
changes and a set of tax rules different from those in the United States, Russian
tax laws are viewed with great apprehension by most Americans and other
foreigners doing business in Russia. Russian tax rules certainly have major
drawbacks.
Other problems with Russian taxes include too many types
of taxes, both on the federal and on the local level. This multitude of taxes
not only makes compliance difficult, but also makes it challenging to keep
current with changes and amendments. Add to the confusion presidential decrees
which append taxes onto existing law or modifying existing laws, as well as the
wide variety of taxes that may be enacted at the local level. Additionally,
there are five different payroll taxes on top of the individual income tax that
must be withheld by employers from wages paid to employees.
Russia will never be a tax haven, nor have American and
other foreign businesses come to Russia with that expectation. Rather,
companies doing business in Russia have come here because they feel that Russia
presents certain market opportunities.
In criticizing Russia's tax rules and tax
administration, we should not forget that Russia is a relatively new tax
jurisdiction. Russian tax laws (as with all other laws in Russia) are in a
process of evolution. The same is true of the governmental bodies enforcing the
tax laws.
As a step to facilitate the obtaining of double-tax
treaty relief, the Russian tax authorities have issued new dual language
(English/Russian) forms. The new forms for claiming double-tax treaty relief
from tax withholding can be completed in either Russian or English. This
development has made it easier for foreign companies, at least from
English-speaking jurisdictions, to obtain certification of taxpayer status from
their home jurisdictions in order to claim treaty relief in Russia.
On May 8, 1996 President Yeltsin signed a decree making
additional improvements in Russian tax rules. The decree reduces late payment
penalties from 0.7 percent per day to 0.3 percent per day. Other provisions in
the decree provide for more rapid periods for depreciation of capital assets
(to be effective January 1, 1997) and much broader rules for the deductibility
of business expenses (also to be effective January 1, 1997).
Complaints about the Russian tax system, just like
complaints about the American tax system, will never go away. However, over the
past year there have been many positive development in Russian tax laws and
regulations. More important, at both the government and legislative levels in
Russia, there appears to be growing recognition that tax rules should be changed
so as not to stifle economic activity. Although the tax situation in Russia is
far from ideal, there is a genuine basis for hope for improvement.
10. Read and translate paying attention
to the suffixes:
-let [lit]; -sure, zure []
circle - circlet (кружочек)
book - booklet (книжечка, брошюра)
leaf - leaflet (листок, листовка)
pleasure, exposure, measure, seizure.
11. Arrange in groups the words with the
same prefix:
Independence, unfriendly, disbelieve, unknown, dislike,
immaterial, unproductive, incomplete, unequal, illegal, impossible, irregular,
untrue, inactive, irreplaceable, misunderstanding, illiterate,
mispronunciation.
|